Table 3.
Diagnostic accuracy of photoplethysmography and single-lead electrocardiography signal analysis on measurement level compared with reference gold standard 12-lead electrocardiography.
| Diagnostic metrics | Insufficient quality excluded | Insufficient quality categorized as sinus rhythma | Insufficient quality categorized as possible AFb | |||
| Diagnostic test | PPGc (n=547) | ECGd (n=612) | PPG (n=657) | ECG (n=657) | PPG (n=657) | ECG (n=584) |
| Prevalence n (%) | 233 (42.6) | 274 (44.8) | 292 (44.4) | 291 (44.3) | 292 (44.4) | 291 (44.3) |
| Sensitivity (%) | 95.30 | 92.00 | 76.00 | 86.60 | 96.20 | 92.40 |
| Specificity (%) | 96.20 | 96.50 | 96.70 | 96.70 | 82.70 | 89.10 |
| PPVe (%) | 94.90 | 95.50 | 94.90 | 95.50 | 81.70 | 87.10 |
| NPVf (%) | 96.50 | 93.70 | 83.50 | 90.10 | 96.50 | 93.70 |
| Accuracy (%) | 95.80 | 94.40 | 87.50 | 92.20 | 88.70 | 90.60 |
aThe rhythm categories sinus rhythm and possible AF were made by separating the measurements indicative for sinus rhythm and AF, and by adding to them insufficient quality measurements as stated in the column headings.
bAF: atrial fibrillation.
cPPG: photoplethysmography.
dECG: electrocardiogram.
ePPV: positive predictive value.
fNPV: negative predictive value.