Table 3.

IVIg treatment for ischemic stroke.

Animals	Stroke models	Time of administration	Routes of injection	Time point of observations	Outcomes	Mechanisms	Refs
C57BL/6 mice	1 h MCAO	0.5 h before or 1 h, 3 h and 6 h after surgery	Intravenous injection of IVIg (1 g/kg)	72 h after MCAO	Reduced brain infarct area, mortality, and neurological deficit score	Inhibited C3b deposition and TLR2 expression in the brain	[400]
C57BL/6J mice	1 h MCAO	3 h after surgery	Intravenous injection of IVIg (1 g/kg)	6 h, 24 h after MCAO	Increased low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) tyrosine phosphorylation in the brain	Inhibited pro-death signaling pathways such as NF-κB, MAPKs, and caspase-3 in cultured neurons under OGD condition	[432]
Sprague-Dawley rats	2 h MCAO	Just after surgery	Intravenous injection of IVIg (400 mg/kg)	72 h after MCAO	Reduced neurological deficit score	Not studied	[433]
C57BL/6 mice	1 h MCAO	3 h after surgery	Intravenous injection of IVIg (1 g/kg)	6 h, 24 h after MCAO	Reduced TL2, TLR4 and TLR8 expression in the brain; Reduced NF-κB and MAPK activities in the brain	Inhibited HMGB1 induced activation of NF-κB-p-p65, p-JNK, p38 MAPK and p-c-Jun, and increased Bcl-2 expression in cultured neurons under oxygen and glucose deprivation	[403]
C57BL/6 mice	1 h MCAO	3 h after surgery	Intravenous injection of IVIg (2 g/kg)	24 h after MCAO	Reduced CD45+ leukocyte infiltration in the brain	Not studied	[401]
C57BL/6J mice	1 h MCAO	3 h after surgery	Intravenous injection of IVIg (1 g/kg)	6 h, 24 h, 72 h after MCAO	Reduced inflammasome components NLRP1 and NLRP3, and IL-1β and IL-18 expression in the brain	Not studied	[402]
C57BL/6 mice	1 h MCAO	0.5 h before or 3 h after surgery	Intravenous injection of IVIg (2 g/kg)	24 h after MCAO	Reduced brain infarct volume and neurological deficit, increased neuronal survival	Inhibited phosphorylation of the cell death-associated kinases p38 MAPK, JNK and p65 in cultured neurons under OGD condition	[404]
Wistar rats	1.5 h MCAO	0.5 h before surgery	Intravenous injection of IVIg (1 g/kg)	24 h after MCAO	Reduced brain infarct volume and neurological deficit score	Not studied	[434]
C57BL/6 mice	1 h MCAO	0.5 h before or 3 h after surgery	Intravenous injection of IVIg (2 g/kg)	24 h after MCAO	Reduced brain infarct volume and neurological deficit	Inhibited C3 elevation in the brain; Reduced endothelial cell adhesion, lymphocyte infiltration, and microglial activation	[269]