TABLE 4.

Change in metabolic syndrome indicators, hydration status, and dietary intake by intervention group¹

	Change from baseline			P
	3 mo	6 mo	9 mo	3 mo	6 mo	9 mo
Plasma TGs, mg/dL				0.70	0.30	0.30
WEP	5.60 ± 8.00	−2.40 ± 9.10	−5.70 ± 10.0
EP	1.80 ± 6.60	13.6 ± 11.3	10.7 ± 9.90
Total cholesterol, mg/dL				0.60	0.60	0.70
WEP	1.50 ± 4.70	5.80 ± 5.60	1.90 ± 8.70
EP	5.70 ± 5.20	1.20 ± 7.60	−3.00 ± 8.90
LDL cholesterol, mg/dL				0.50	0.30	0.40
WEP	1.10 ± 3.50	4.90 ± 4.00	0.200 ± 4.00
EP	4.60 ± 3.70	−1.60 ± 4.60	−5.00 ± 4.70
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL				0.40	0.90	0.60
WEP	−0.300 ± 1.30	1.90 ± 8.50	0.300 ± 1.40
EP	1.20 ± 1.40	1.10 ± 4.60	−1.70 ± 1.80
Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL				0.90	0.90	0.90
WEP	0.0400 ± 1.50	0.60 ± 1.90	1.20 ± 1.70
EP	0.200 ± 1.40	0.90 ± 2.20	1.70 ± 2.80
HbA1c,2%			—	—	0.30
WEP	—	—	−0.0300 ± 0.0300
EP	—	—	0.0200 ± 0.0300
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg				0.30	0.50	0.60
WEP	0.0500 ± 0.900	−2.40 ± 1.00	−0.90 ± 1.20
EP	−1.30 ± 1.00	−3.80 ± 1.40	−2.80 ± 1.70
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg				0.50	0.50	0.80
WEP	−1.00 ± 0.900	−3.70 ± 1.00	−3.40 ± 1.10
EP	−1.90 ± 0.800	−4.70 ± 1.10	−3.90 ± 1.50
Serum osmolality,2mOsm/kg				—	—	0.80
WEP	—	—	−2.60 ± 3.30
EP	—	—	−1.30 ± 3.00
Urine osmolality,2mOsm/kg				—	—	0.008
WEP	—	—	−131 ± 38.0
EP	—	—	3.10 ± 42.5
Weight, kg				0.06	0.10	0.40
WEP	−1.0 ± 0.2	−1.4 ± 0.3	−1.2 ± 0.4
EP	−0.5 ± 0.2	−0.7 ± 0.3	−0.8 ± 0.4
BMI, kg/m2				0.07	0.10	0.40
WEP	−0.40 ± 0.08	−0.54 ± 0.11	−0.50 ± 0.14
EP	−0.20 ± 0.08	−0.30 ± 0.14	−0.33 ± 0.15
Body fat,2%				—	—	0.90
WEP	—	—	−0.8 ± 0.4
EP	—	—	−0.8 ± 0.6
Waist circumference, cm				0.10	0.20	0.70
WEP	−1.0 ± 0.3	−1.4 ± 0.3	−1.0 ± 0.4
EP	−0.5 ± 0.3	−0.6 ± 0.5	−1.3 ± 0.7
Total energy intake, kcal/d				0.20	0.30	0.80
WEP	−553 ± 56	−575 ± 54	−585 ± 55
EP	−447 ± 52	−478 ± 60	−567 ± 66
Energy intake from solid foods, kcal/d				0.80	0.40	0.10
WEP	−285 ± 46	−285 ± 46	−315 ± 47
EP	−302 ± 44	−347 ± 53	−440 ± 58
Beverages with sugar
mL/d				<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
WEP	−628 ± 50	−675 ± 50	−709 ± 59
EP	−286 ± 53	−198 ± 71	−297 ± 59
kcal/d				<0.001	<0.001	0.001
WEP	−243 ± 17	−252 ± 16	−252 ± 19
EP	−125 ± 20	−96 ± 24	−115 ± 27
% of calories/d				<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
WEP	−10.5 ± 0.9	−11.0 ± 1.2	−10.4 ± 1.3
EP	−3.5 ± 1.0	−0.4 ± 1.6	−1.0 ± 1.5
Water consumption, mL/d				<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
WEP	976 ± 67	1,109 ± 88	1,210 ± 102
EP	142 ± 67	190 ± 92	239 ± 91

¹Values are means ± SEs. Data were analyzed by using intent-to-treat analysis, 10 imputations. Changes were calculated from baseline to 3, 6, and 9 mo without adjustments for covariates; n = 120 for WEP and n = 120 for EP. A repeated-measures mixed-effects model analysis was used to test the mean through time, all P > 0.05 (data not shown). EP, education provision; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; mOsm, milliosmole; WEP, water and education provision.

²Measured at baseline and 9 mo only.