Table 1.
Population prevalence of diagnoses by Whooley and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) status
| Rates, % (95% CI) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Whooley, positive | Whooley, negative | EPDS,b positive | EPDS,b negative | Prevalence | |
| No depression | 56 (49–61) | 93 (89–96) | 48 (34–62) | 95 (93–97) | 90 (86–92) |
| Major depressiona | 47 (40–53) | 7 (4–10) | 53 (37–71) | 5 (3–7) | 11 (8–14) |
| Mild depression | 23 (18–29) | 4 (2–7) | 27 (16–41) | 3 (2–6) | 6 (4–9) |
| Moderate depression | 20 (16–25) | 3 (1–6) | 25 (15–38) | 2 (0.6–4) | 4 (3–8) |
| Severe depression | 1 (0.4–4) | 0 | 1 (0.3–3) | 0 | 0.1 (0–0.3) |
| Mixed anxiety/depression | 4 (2–6) | 0 | 1 (0–2) | 0.3 (0.1–0.4) | 0.4 (0.2–0.6) |
| Any anxiety disorder | 30 (24–36) | 13 (9–18) | 23 (12–35) | 14 (10–18) | 15 (11–19) |
| Obsessive–compulsive disorder | 5 (3–7) | 2 (0.4–4) | 3 (1–5) | 2 (1–4) | 2 (1–4) |
| Eating disorder | 5 (2–8) | 1 (0–4) | 3 (1–5) | 1 (0.1–3) | 2 (0.4–3) |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder | 5 (2–7) | 0.4 (0.1–3) | 6 (0–11) | 0.1 (0–0.3) | 0.8 (0–1) |
| Bipolar disorder I | 0.3 (0.1–1) | 0 | 0 | 0.04 (0–0.1) | 0.03 (0–0.2) |
| Bipolar disorder II | 0.3 (0.1–1) | 0 | 0 | 0.04 (0–0.1) | 0.03 (0–0.2) |
| Borderline personality disorder | 4 (2–6) | 0.4 (0–3) | 2 (1–4) | 0.5 (0–1.3) | 0.7 (0–1) |
| Any SCID | 67 (60–73) | 22 (17–29) | 67 (51–84) | 21 (16–27) | 27 (22–32) |
SCID, Structured Clinical Interview DSM-IV.
a. This includes major depressive disorder and mixed anxiety and depression. Minor depression rates were 10% (95% CI 7–14) in Whooley positive; 2% (95% CI 0.8–5) in Whooley negative; 9% (95% CI 4–22) in EPDS positive; 2% (95% CI 0.8–4) in Whooley negative; an overall prevalence of 3% (95% CI 1 to 5%).
b. Cut-off of 12/13 used for EPDS negative/positive.