Table 1 |.

Activating adaptors and candidate activating adaptors for dynein–dynactin.

Activator or candidate activator	Evidence	Cargo
Confirmed activators (active in in vitro motility assays)
BICD2	Reconstituted motility14,15, relocation assay 224	COP1-independent Golgi-to-ER vesicles58, Golgi vesicles57, nuclear pore complexes133
BICDL1 (BICDR1)	Reconstituted motility 16	Rab6 vesicles61
SPDL1 (Spindly)	Co-IP motility14	Kinetochore227
HOOK1	Lysate motility and relocation assay226	Rab5 early endosomes70 Clathrin-independent cargoes228
HOOK3	Reconstituted motility24, Co-IP motility14, lysate motility and relocation assay 226	Rab5 early endosomes70, Golgi 229
NIN (Ninein)	Reconstituted motility98	Unknown
NINL (Ninein-like)	Reconstituted motility98	MICAL3 and RAB8A containing vesicles63
RAB11-FIP3	Co-IP motility14	Recycling endosomes28
Candidate activators
BICD1	Co-IP230	COP1-independent Golgi-to-ER vesicles58, microtubule arrays230
BICDL2 (BICDR2)	Homology to BICD proteins61	Rab13 vesicles61
HOOK2	Homology to Hook proteins	Centrosomal proteins174, spermatid intramanchette trafficking231
CCDC88A (Girdin)	Co-IP98	Unknown
CCDC88B (Gipie)	Co-IP232	Secretory lysosomes (lytic granules)232
CCDC88C (Daple)	Co-IP98	Unknown
NUMA	Co-IP233	Minus ends of microtubules in the spindle131,234
TRAK1	Co-IP111	Mitochondria111
TRAK2	Co-IP111	Mitochondria111
HAP1	Co-IP75,76,207	Many membrane cargos75

Each activator or candidate activator is listed along with its cargo(s). Cargos are defined by their reliance on dynein or dynactin for movement or localization. We have not included known activator interacting proteins where there is not yet evidence for dynein–dynactin involvement for their trafficking.