. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Apr 10.

Published in final edited form as: Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2012 Aug;91(8):701–714. doi: 10.1097/PHM.0b013e3182466034

TABLE 2.

Hypnosis for phantom limb pain among persons with amputation

Case	Condition	Treatment	Results	P
Oakley et al. (2002)³⁰ case review	PLP for 4 yrs (AKA); 76-yr-old woman	Eight weekly 25-min sessions of hypnosis.	100% pain relief and continued phantom sensations	n/a
	Review of 11 cases of PLP (duration, 0.5–25 yrs) (arm, AKA, BKA)	Hypnosis sessions (3–64) of varying length. Cases include five ipsative-imagery– and six movement-imagery–based therapies. Five included relaxation training; one, cognitive therapy; and one, mirror therapy.	Reduction in pain frequency or intensity; improvement in physical or psychologic function	n/a
Bamford (2006)⁴⁰; uncontrolled trial (n = 25)	PLP (mean duration, 7 yrs) (arm, leg); 10 women and 15 men aged 27–78 yrs	Six weekly sessions + home practice three times daily using hypnotic analgesia, visualization and movement of imaginary limb, psychologic hypnosis, and self-hypnosis	Significant reduction in median pain after intervention, maintained 6 mos later (NRS, 8 of 10 to 3 of 10); results not sensitive to side (right vs. left) or cause of amputation (trauma vs. other) (Wilcoxon)	<0.001
Rickard (2004)³⁸ RCT n = 20	PLP with/without stump pain (arm, AKA, BKA; 0.5–63 yrs ago); men and women aged 31–70 yrs	Three individual hypnosis sessions vs. waitlisted control	Reduction in pain before to after intervention. By MPQ-SP: intervention group, mean (SD) from 58.8 (26.02) to 10.1 (6.28); control, from 49.5 (25.27) to 46.4 (14.67) (ANOVA)	<0.001

AKA, above-the knee (transfemoral) amputation; ANOVA, analysis of variance; BKA, below-the-knee (transtibial) amputation; MPQ-SP, McGill Pain Questionnaire Pain Intensity Scale; NRS, numeric rating scale; PLP, phantom limb pain; n/a, not applicable; RCT, randomized controlled trial.