Taylor 1990.

Methods	Study design: Randomised controlled trial
Participants	Diagnosis: 79 patients with panic disorder. Method of diagnosis: Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnoses‐Upjohn version (SCID‐UP). Age: Alprazolam: M = 35.0; Imipramine: M=34.1; Placebo: M = 34.9 Sex: Alprazolam: Male = 19%, Imipramine: 30%, Placebo: 31%. Location: USA; setting: outpatients Co‐morbidities: none Rescue medication: none
Interventions	Participants were randomly assigned to either: (1) alprazolam (n = 26) Duration: 8 weeks Treatment Protocol: flexible dosage; range = 1 ‐ 8 mg, M = 3.7 (2) imipramine (n=27) Duration: 8 weeks Treatment Protocol: flexible dosage; range = 30 ‐ 270 mg, M = 147 (3) placebo (n = 26) Duration: 8 weeks
Outcomes	Time points for assessment: baseline, weeks 1, 4, 8. Outcomes: (1) Frequency/Intensity of panic attacks: panic diary (2) Anxiety: Hamilton Anxiety rating scale (HAMA) (3) Depression: Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) (4) Overall psychiatric symptomatology: Symptom Check List‐ 90 (SCL‐90) (5) Global improvement: 7‐point scale. (6) Work and social disability: 5‐point scale (7) Avoidance: Marks/Mathews Fear Questionnaire (8) Adverse effects: SAFTEE‐UP
Notes	Date of study: not stated Funding source: this research was supported in part by NIMH grant 40118 and by a gift from the Upjohn Company. Declarations of interest among the primary researchers: not stated
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Quote: "randomized".
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	No information provided.
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	"Double blind": no further information provided.
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	See above.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	High risk	Completer analysis only, unequal drop‐out rate (Alprazolam: 8%, Imipramine: 19%)
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	High risk	Almost all the efficacy outcome measures described in the methods are reported in the results, but data are incomplete (standard deviations are not always presented). Furthermore, SAFTEE‐UP event form is not reported.
Other bias	High risk	This research was supported in part by NIMH grant 40118 and by a gift from the Upjohn Company. The role of the funder in planning, conducting and writing the study is not discussed.