Uhlenhuth 1989.

Methods	Study design: Randomised controlled trial
Participants	Diagnosis: DSM ‐ III panic disorder or agoraphobia with panic attacks Method of diagnosis: SCID‐UP Age: M = 31.54, SD = 7.12 Sex: 58% female Location: USA; setting: outpatients Co‐morbidities: patients with another primary psychiatric disorder or a physical disorder judged likely to interfere with the study were excluded Rescue medication: not stated
Interventions	Participants were randomly assigned to either: (1) alprazolam 2 mg arm (n = 20) Duration: 8 weeks Treatment Protocol: fixed dosage 2 mg (2) alprazolam 6 mg arm (n = 21) Duration: 8 weeks Treatment Protocol: fixed dosage 6 mg (3) imipramine arm (n = 20) Duration: 8 weeks Treatment Protocol: fixed dosage 225 mg (4) placebo arm (n = 20) Duration: 8 weeks
Outcomes	Time points for assessment: weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 Outcomes: 1. number of panic attacks (major, spontaneous, minor, situational) 2. Marks & Matthews Phobia Scale 3. disability 4. Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HAMA) 5. Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) 6. SAFTEE‐UP for adverse effects
Notes	Date of study: not stated Funding source: sponsored by Upjohn Company Declarations of interest among the primary researchers: not stated.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Quote: "random".
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	No information provided.
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Quote: "All patients received two identical appearing capsules four times daily".
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Quote: "All patients received two identical appearing capsules four times daily".
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Quote: "two sets of outcome analysis were employed; one included all 81 patients who entered treatment, and the other included only the 63 patients who completed at least 4 weeks of treatment. Both sets of analysis presented here were based on the final (last available) clinical score for each patient (endpoint analysis). Patterns of dropout by treatment were analysed by survival analysis using the actuarial life table method."
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	All outcomes were reported.
Other bias	High risk	Sponsored by Upjohn Company; the role of the funder in planning, conducting and writing the study is not discussed.