Dumas 1999.

Methods	Parallel‐group randomized controlled trial, conducted in Canada. Study conducted from October 1995 to September 1996
Participants	48 elective coronary artery bypass surgery patients who were younger than 75 years old, French speaking, living within a 60‐ to 70‐km radius of the hospital. Exclusion of those with “psychologic or psychiatric antecedents; prescription of lithium and/or antidepressant medication; alcohol abuse; chronic renal failure; ejection fraction less than 30%; valvuloplasty; significant peripheral vascular disease; uncontrolled hypertension; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; and combined surgeries”
Interventions	Early extubation (< 8 hours after surgery) in 22 participants Usual care (8 to 24 hours after surgery) in 25 participants Details of who decided when to extubate were not given.
Outcomes	Risk of stroke Time to extubation
Notes	This study focused on postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Time to extubation was defined as "delay between arrival at the intensive care unit and the start of withdrawal from anaesthetic/analgesic agents". Weaning protocol was the same in both groups, but timing was different, as described in the paper. No power calculation was done. Study was supported, in part, by the Department of Anesthesia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Canada. Details of any declarations of conflict of interest among study authors were not provided.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	"Patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups"
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	No details given
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	No details given
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Reasons for withdrawals given
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	All collected outcomes reported
Other bias	High risk	Most demographics, co‐morbidities and surgical data were similar between groups. However, early extubation groups were 6 years younger than conventional extubation groups and had lower prevalence of carotid bruit.