| 1 Time to first flatus subgrouped by type of surgery |
22 |
1138 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐1.28 [‐1.71, ‐0.86] |
| 1.1 Gynaecology |
3 |
122 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐1.24 [‐1.86, ‐0.62] |
| 1.2 Cholecystectomy |
1 |
27 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.15 [‐0.91, 0.61] |
| 1.3 Gastrointestinal surgery |
14 |
690 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐1.34 [‐1.82, ‐0.86] |
| 1.4 Urology |
1 |
40 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.83 [‐1.48, ‐0.17] |
| 1.5 Vascular surgery |
1 |
34 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐12.86 [‐15.98, ‐9.73] |
| 1.6 Various |
2 |
225 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.03 [‐0.29, 0.23] |
| 2 Time to first faeces subgrouped according to duration of local anaesthetic administration |
28 |
1559 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.67 [‐0.86, ‐0.47] |
| 2.1 Epidural local anaesthetic administered during surgery only |
1 |
30 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
0.03 [‐0.68, 0.75] |
| 2.2 Epidural local anaesthetic administered postoperatively for < 48 hours |
8 |
363 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.57 [‐1.06, ‐0.07] |
| 2.3 Epidural local anaesthetic administered for ≥ 48 hours after surgery |
19 |
1166 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.73 [‐0.93, ‐0.53] |
| 3 Pain scores at rest at 6 to 8 hours after surgery subgrouped by type of surgery |
20 |
947 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.84 [‐1.08, ‐0.61] |
| 3.1 Cholecystectomy |
1 |
16 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
0.33 [‐0.65, 1.32] |
| 3.2 Gastrointestinal surgery |
8 |
387 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.74 [‐1.06, ‐0.42] |
| 3.3 Gynaecology |
2 |
68 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.76 [‐1.70, 0.18] |
| 3.4 Urology |
4 |
136 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐1.16 [‐1.66, ‐0.67] |
| 3.5 Vascular surgery |
2 |
154 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.63 [‐1.00, ‐0.26] |
| 3.6 Various |
4 |
186 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐1.24 [‐2.18, ‐0.29] |
| 4 Pain scores on movement at 6 to 8 hours after surgery subgrouped by type of opioid in the control group |
13 |
617 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐1.05 [‐1.52, ‐0.58] |
| 4.1 Epidural LA compared with IV or epidural fentanyl |
3 |
119 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐1.15 [‐3.91, 1.61] |
| 4.2 Epidural LA compared with IT (De Pietri 2006) or IV (all others) morphine |
8 |
387 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.93 [‐1.28, ‐0.59] |
| 4.3 Epidural LA with opioids compared with IV piritramide |
1 |
19 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.62 [‐1.54, 0.30] |
| 4.4 Epidural LA alone compared with epidural sufentanil |
1 |
67 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.95 [‐1.78, ‐0.12] |
| 4.5 Epidural LA with opioids compared with IV tramadol |
1 |
25 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐2.19 [‐3.18, ‐1.20] |
| 5 Pain scores at rest at 24 hours subgrouped by type of opioid in the epidural |
46 |
3085 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.62 [‐0.82, ‐0.43] |
| 5.1 Local anaesthetic only |
13 |
414 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.16 [‐0.70, 0.38] |
| 5.2 Epidural local anaesthetic with the addition of meperidine |
1 |
59 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.11 [‐0.65, 0.44] |
| 5.3 Epidural local anaesthetic with the addition of morphine |
12 |
634 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐1.32 [‐1.87, ‐0.78] |
| 5.4 Epidural local anaesthetic with the addition of fentanyl |
18 |
891 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.55 [‐0.77, ‐0.33] |
| 5.5 Epidural local anaesthetic with the addition of sufentanil |
4 |
199 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.61 [‐0.94, ‐0.29] |
| 5.6 Epidural with different solutions |
1 |
888 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.29 [‐0.42, ‐0.15] |
| 6 Pain scores at rest at 24 hours subgrouped by opioid in the control group |
42 |
2066 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.69 [‐0.91, ‐0.47] |
| 6.1 Epidural local anaesthetic compared with fentanyl |
4 |
144 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐1.11 [‐3.18, 0.96] |
| 6.2 Epidural local anaesthetic compared with ketobemidone |
1 |
40 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐1.23 [‐1.91, ‐0.56] |
| 6.3 Epidural local anaesthetic compared with piritramide |
1 |
19 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
0.14 [‐0.76, 1.04] |
| 6.4 Epidural local anaesthetic compared with meperidine |
3 |
219 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.86 [‐1.73, 0.00] |
| 6.5 Epidural local anaesthetic compared with sufentanil |
1 |
67 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
0.44 [‐0.08, 0.95] |
| 6.6 Epidural local anaesthetic compared with tramadol |
2 |
65 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐1.09 [‐3.30, 1.12] |
| 6.7 Epidural local anaesthetic compared with morphine |
30 |
1435 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.64 [‐0.87, ‐0.41] |
| 6.8 Epidural local anaesthetic compared with buprenorphine |
2 |
77 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐1.05 [‐1.52, ‐0.57] |
| 7 Pain scores on movement at 24 hours subgrouped by type of surgery |
35 |
2731 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.85 [‐1.04, ‐0.67] |
| 7.1 Gastrointestinal surgery |
18 |
864 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐1.12 [‐1.43, ‐0.80] |
| 7.2 Cholecystectomy |
1 |
31 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.89 [‐1.62, ‐0.15] |
| 7.3 Gynaecological surgery |
2 |
144 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.20 [‐0.88, 0.48] |
| 7.4 Urological surgery |
4 |
136 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.66 [‐1.71, 0.40] |
| 7.5 Vascular surgery |
1 |
40 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐1.70 [‐2.43, ‐0.98] |
| 7.6 Various surgeries |
10 |
1516 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.61 [‐0.81, ‐0.41] |
| 8 Pain scores on movement at 24 hours subgrouped by type of opioid in the epidural |
34 |
1843 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.88 [‐1.09, ‐0.66] |
| 8.1 Local anaesthetic alone |
6 |
234 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.38 [‐0.93, 0.17] |
| 8.2 Epidural meperidine |
1 |
59 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
0.31 [‐0.24, 0.86] |
| 8.3 Epidural fentanyl |
16 |
756 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.95 [‐1.20, ‐0.69] |
| 8.4 Epidural sufentanil |
3 |
129 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.77 [‐1.14, ‐0.41] |
| 8.5 Epidural morphine |
10 |
665 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐1.19 [‐1.69, ‐0.69] |
| 9 Pain scores on movement at 24 hours subgrouped by type of opioids in the control group |
33 |
1796 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.90 [‐1.15, ‐0.66] |
| 9.1 Compared with IV or epidural fentanyl |
4 |
128 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.83 [‐3.13, 1.47] |
| 9.2 Compared with sufentanil |
1 |
67 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.10 [‐0.91, 0.70] |
| 9.3 Compared with meperidine |
3 |
219 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.64 [‐1.57, 0.29] |
| 9.4 Compared with piritramide |
1 |
19 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.78 [‐1.72, 0.15] |
| 9.5 Compared with morphine |
23 |
1249 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.87 [‐1.05, ‐0.69] |
| 9.6 Compared with oxycodone |
1 |
58 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.80 [‐1.33, ‐0.26] |
| 9.7 Compared with tramadol |
1 |
25 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐3.14 [‐4.31, ‐1.97] |
| 9.8 Compared to buprenorphine |
1 |
31 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.77 [‐1.50, ‐0.04] |
| 10 Pain scores at rest at 48 hours subgrouped by type of solution used |
30 |
2466 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.47 [‐0.71, ‐0.24] |
| 10.1 Local anaesthetic alone |
7 |
256 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
0.38 [‐0.49, 1.25] |
| 10.2 Local anaesthetic with an opioid |
24 |
2210 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.66 [‐0.89, ‐0.43] |
| 11 Pain scores on movement at 48 hours subgrouped by type of solution in the epidural |
27 |
2398 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.85 [‐1.10, ‐0.60] |
| 11.1 Local anaesthetic alone |
4 |
184 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.56 [‐1.71, 0.58] |
| 11.2 Local anaesthetic with an opioid |
23 |
2214 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.88 [‐1.13, ‐0.63] |
| 12 Pain scores at rest at 72 hours subgrouped by type of solution used |
15 |
1821 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.56 [‐0.88, ‐0.24] |
| 12.1 Local anaesthetic alone |
4 |
146 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.00 [‐0.34, 0.34] |
| 12.2 Local anaesthetic plus opioids |
12 |
1675 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.77 [‐1.16, ‐0.39] |
| 13 Pain scores on movement at 72 hours subgrouped by type of solution used |
15 |
1873 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.69 [‐0.99, ‐0.39] |
| 13.1 Local anaesthetic alone |
3 |
135 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.03 [‐0.38, 0.32] |
| 13.2 Local anaesthetic with an opioid |
12 |
1738 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.87 [‐1.22, ‐0.51] |
| 14 Vomiting |
22 |
1154 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.84 [0.57, 1.23] |
| 14.1 Gynaecological |
4 |
223 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.29 [0.06, 1.29] |
| 14.2 Gastrointestinal |
12 |
512 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
0.80 [0.48, 1.32] |
| 14.3 Various |
6 |
419 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) |
1.02 [0.44, 2.35] |
| 15 Gastrointestinal tract anastomotic leak |
17 |
848 |
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) |
0.74 [0.41, 1.32] |
| 16 Length of stay in hospital subgrouped by type of surgery |
34 |
2774 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.13 [‐0.29, 0.02] |
| 16.1 Cholecystectomy |
1 |
20 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.5 [‐1.38, 0.38] |
| 16.2 Gynaecological surgery |
2 |
62 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
0.07 [‐0.43, 0.57] |
| 16.3 Gastrointestinal surgery |
18 |
936 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.11 [‐0.34, 0.12] |
| 16.4 Urological surgery |
4 |
141 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.52 [‐0.85, ‐0.18] |
| 16.5 Vascular surgery |
5 |
336 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.26 [‐0.65, 0.13] |
| 16.6 Various surgeries |
4 |
1279 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
0.16 [‐0.25, 0.57] |
| 17 Length of stay in hospital subgrouped by surgical site for open surgery only |
30 |
2598 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.20 [‐0.35, ‐0.04] |
| 17.1 Open vascular surgery |
5 |
336 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.26 [‐0.65, 0.13] |
| 17.2 Open urological surgery |
4 |
141 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.51 [‐0.85, ‐0.18] |
| 17.3 Open cholecystectomy |
1 |
20 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.50 [‐1.39, 0.39] |
| 17.4 Open gynaecological surgery |
2 |
62 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
0.07 [‐0.43, 0.57] |
| 17.5 Open gastrointestinal surgery |
14 |
760 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
‐0.24 [‐0.47, ‐0.01] |
| 17.6 Open various surgeries |
4 |
1279 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
0.15 [‐0.26, 0.57] |
| 18 Costs |
3 |
|
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
Subtotals only |
| 18.1 Costs related to pain therapy only |
1 |
62 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
19.96 [19.57, 20.34] |
| 18.2 Hospital costs |
2 |
103 |
Std. Mean Difference (Random, 95% CI) |
0.17 [‐0.22, 0.55] |
