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Sucrose (25%) compared with glucose (25%) for pain associated with intramuscular injection
Patient or population: neonates with pain associated with intramuscular injection Settings: hospital Intervention:sucrose (25%) Comparison: glucose (25%)
Outcomes	Illustrative comparative risks* (95% CI)		No of participants (studies)	Quality of the evidence (GRADE)	Comments
	Assumed risk	Corresponding risk
	Glucose (25%)	Sucrose (25%)
NIPS during 1‐2 minutes after immunization Range of scale 0‐7 A lower score = less pain Lawrence 1993	The mean NIPS score was 3 in the control group	The mean NIPS score in the intervention group was lower than the mean score in the control group: ‐ 0.10 (95% CI ‐0.89 to 0.69)	60 (1)	⊕⊕⊝⊝ low	Bias: concerns about bias for random sequence generation, allocation concealment and lack of blinding for performance and detection Consistency: no concerns as this was the only study Precision: this was a relatively small study and the CIs were wide around the point estimate Directness: the study was conducted in the target population ‐ no concerns about indirectness
*The basis for the assumed risk was 'The mean NIPS score in the control group according to the value reported in the Assumed risk column. The corresponding risk was the mean in the intervention group for the NIPS score with its 95% CI'. CI: confidence interval; N/A: not applicable; NIPS: Neonatal Infant Pain Scale
GRADE Working Group grades of evidence High quality: Further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect. Moderate quality: Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate. Low quality: Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate. Very low quality: We are very uncertain about the estimate.