Comparison 1. Heel lance (term infants): sucrose (12% to 12.5%) versus water/routine care.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Total crying time (s)	1	42	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐48.09 [‐93.04, ‐3.14]
1.1 Term infants	1	42	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐48.09 [‐93.04, ‐3.14]
2 Percentage change in heart rate 1 min after heel lance	1	30	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	6.4 [‐13.69, 26.49]
2.1 Term infants	1	30	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	6.4 [‐13.69, 26.49]