Comparison 31. Circumcision: sucrose 50% solution on a premature nipple containing a 2 x 2 cm sterile gauze pad moistened by the fluid versus no treatment.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Change from baseline in heart rate (beats/min)	1	56	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐9.70 [‐19.82, 0.42]