Carbajal 1999.

Methods	RCT Painful intervention: venipuncture Study location: maternity ward, Poissy Hospital, Poissy, France Study period: April to end of June 1997
Participants	150 term newborn infants, 3 to 4 days old
Interventions	2 min prior to venipuncture the allocated solution was adminstered for 30 seconds by a sterile syringe into the infant's mouth No treatment (n = 25) 2 mL sterile water (n = 25) 2 mL 30% glucose (n = 25) 2 mL 30% sucrose (n = 25) Pacifier alone (n = 25) 2 mL 30% sucrose followed by pacifier (n = 25)
Outcomes	DAN scale during venipuncture, reported as median and IQR
Notes	Mann‐Whitney U test used to evaluate pain scores Adverse effects were evaluated
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Sequence generated by random number table
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	Allocated by sequentially numbered, opaque and sealed envelopes
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) All outcomes	High risk	Low risk for sucrose and water solutions High risk for pacifier groups
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	High risk	Low risk for sucrose and water solutions High risk for pacifier groups
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	No withdrawals
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	The study protocol was not available to us so we could not judge whether there were any deviations from it
Other bias	Low risk	Appears free of other bias