Rogers 2006.

Methods	Randomized, double‐blind trial Painful intervention: bladder catheterization Study location: a single tertiary‐care dedicated paediatric emergency department, USA Study period: June 2003 to November 2004
Participants	83 infants ≤ 90 days old, born at least 34 weeks' PMA were enrolled and randomized, 3 infants were withdrawn after randomization Separated into 3 age groups: 1‐30 days 31‐60 days 61‐90 days
Interventions	2 mL 24% sucrose via syringe 2 min before bladder catheterization (n = 40) 2 mL sterile water via syringe 2 min before bladder catheterization (n = 40)
Outcomes	DAN scale, percentage cry, time to return to behavioural baseline
Notes	Post hoc subgroup analyses, t‐tests, Chi2 tests, Mann‐Whitney test, ANOVA and Breslow‐Day (BD) test for homogeneity used to evaluate outcomes Results were reported as means and SDs. P values were reported Adverse events were evaluated; no adverse effects experienced
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Sequence generated by random number table
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	Syringes were coded by pharmacy and solutions were indistinguishable
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Staff blinded to sucrose and water solutions
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Research nurses were blinded to the treatment allocation
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	83 infants were enrolled and randomized, but 3 were withdrawn after randomizations as a result of inappropriate enrolment or withdrawal of consent
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	The study protocol was not available to us so we could not judge whether there were any deviations from it
Other bias	Low risk	Appears free of other bias