Comparison 1. Nitrofurantoin and close surveillance versus close surveillance alone.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Recurrent pyelonephritis	1	167	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.89 [0.31, 2.53]
2 Recurrent UTI (cystitis)	1	167	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.30 [0.06, 1.38]
3 Preterm birth (< 37 weeks)	1	147	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.18 [0.42, 3.35]
4 Birthweight < 2500 (g) (not prespecified)	1	147	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.03 [0.53, 7.80]
5 Birthweight (g)	1	147	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐113.0 [‐327.20, 101.20]
6 Five‐minute Apgar score < seven	1	147	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.03 [0.19, 21.87]
7 Miscarriages	1	167	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	3.11 [0.33, 29.29]
8 Asymptomatic bacteriuria in women with 90% clinical attendance	1	102	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.55 [0.34, 0.89]