Berger 2009.
Methods | Cluster‐randomised trial of ERASE Stress Sri Lanka group therapy vs wait list | |
Participants |
Included (n = 166) Children 9 to 14 years of age exposed to the 2004 tsunami Female: 73. Trauma exposure: physically hurt during the tsunami 139, knew someone close who had died during the tsunami 100, exposed to another major traumatic incident 148 Excluded Not reported Setting School in a small town that suffered a direct hit from the tsunami in Welligama Sri Lanka, 2006 |
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Interventions |
Group therapy (n = 84) Twelve weekly 90‐minute sessions of 12 to 16 participants (grouped by age and gender for the older 2 groups). Key components: CBT, psychoeducation, meditation, bioenergetic exercises, coping skills, narrative techniques including art therapy, planning for the future Wait list control (n = 82) Children in this group attended a religious class Therapists Teacher training was given to all 12 homeroom teachers over 3 days. Each teacher was responsible for 1 class only |
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Outcomes |
Diagnosis Scale: score ≥ 3 on 1 item of the UCLA PTSD Index (17‐item) Rater: child Trauma symptoms Scale: UCLA PTSD Index Rater: child Depression Scale: Beck Depression Inventory (7‐item) Rater: child Functional problems Scale: Child Diagnostic Interview Schedule (7‐item) Rater: clinician When At 3‐month follow‐up |
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Notes | So they could be added to the meta‐analysis of function, functional impairment scores were converted to negative values | |
Risk of bias | ||
Bias | Authors' judgement | Support for judgement |
Random sequence generation (selection bias) | Low risk | One class in each of the 6 age groups were randomised by coin toss to group therapy or wait list control |
Allocation concealment (selection bias) | Unclear risk | Not reported |
Blinding of participants (performance bias | High risk | Participants probably were aware of whether they were in the active or wait list group |
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes | High risk | Although 'volunteers blinded to the experimental condition administered questionnaires', all measures were self reported |
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes | Low risk | No loss to follow‐up: "we had no dropouts among those who completed the questionnaires. There were no missing data" |
Selective reporting (reporting bias) | High risk | Only diagnosis was reported |
Other bias | Low risk | No other bias was apparent |