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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Apr 10.
Published in final edited form as: Sci Total Environ. 2016 Oct 23;576:138–147. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.072

Table 1.

Potential water contaminants related to unconventional oil and gas development with evidence of carcinogenicity (n=49).1

CASRNs Chemical Name Associated with Leukemia/Lymphoma2 Water source IARC Monograph Publication Year IARC Monograph Volume #
Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans
106–99-0 1,3-Butadiene Leukemia, Lymphoma FF 2012 Sup 7, 54, 71, 97, 100F
7440–38-2 Arsenic - FF, WW 2012 23, Sup 7, 100C
71–43-2 Benzene Leukemia, Lymphoma FF, WW 2012 29, Sup 7, 100F
50–32-8 Benzo(a)pyrene - WW 2012 Sup 7, 92, 100F
7440–41-7 Beryllium - WW 2012 Sup 7, 58, 100C
7440–43-9 Cadmium Leukemia, Lymphoma WW 2012 58, 100C
18540–29-9 Chromium (VI) - FF, WW 2012 Sup 7, 49, 100C
64–17-5 Ethanol3 Leukemia, Lymphoma FF 2012 96, 100E
75–21-8 Ethylene oxide Leukemia, Lymphoma FF 2012 97, 100F
50–00-0 Formaldehyde Leukemia, Lymphoma FF 2012 Sup 7, 62, 88, 100F
14808–60-7 Quartz Lymphoma FF 2012 Sup 7, 68, 100C
13982–63-3 Radium 226 - WW 2012 78, 100D
15262–20-1 Radium 228 - WW 2012 78, 100D
7664–93-9 Sulfuric acid - FF 2012 54, 100F
Group 2A: Probably carcinogenic to humans
79–06-1 Acrylamide - FF 1994 60
100–44-7 Benzyl chloride - FF 1999 29, Sup 7, 71
53–70-3 Dibenz(a,h)anthracene Lymphoma WW 2010 Sup 7, 92
75–09-2 Dichloromethane Lymphoma WW in prep Sup 7, 71, 110
106–89-8 Epichlorohydrin - FF 1999 11, Sup 7, 71
127–18-4 Tetrachloroethylene Leukemia, Lymphoma WW 2014 Sup 7, 63, 106
Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans
75–56-9 1,2-Propylene oxide Leukemia, Lymphoma FF 1994 60
542–75-6 1,3-Dichloropropene - FF 1999 41, Sup 7, 71
123–91-1 1,4-Dioxane - FF, WW 1999 11, Sup 7, 71
108–10-1 4-Methyl-2-pentanone - FF 2013 101
75–07-0 Acetaldehyde3 - FF 1999 36, Sup 7, 71
107–13-1 Acrylonitrile - WW 1999 71
1309–64-4 Antimony trioxide - FF 1989 47
205–99-2 Benzo(b)fluoranthene Lymphoma WW 2010 92
207–08-9 Benzo(k)fluoranthene Lymphoma WW 2010 92
75–27-4 Bromodichloromethane - WW 1999 52, 71
1333–86-4 Carbon black - FF 2010 65, 93
67–66-3 Chloroform - WW 1999 Sup 7, 73
68603–42-9 Coconut oil acid/Diethanolamine condensate (2:1) - FF 2013 101
7440–48-4 Cobalt - WW 1991 52
98–82-8 Cumene - FF, WW 2013 101
117–81-7 Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate - FF, WW 2013 77, 101
3252–43-5 Dibromoacetonitrile - FF 2013 52, 71, 101
111–42-2 Diethanolamine - FF 2013 77, 101
100–41-4 Ethylbenzene - FF, WW 2000 77
76–44-8 Heptachlor Lymphoma WW 2001 Sup 7, 53, 79
302–01-2 Hydrazine Leukemia FF 1999 4, Sup 7, 71
193–39-5 Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene Lymphoma WW 2010 Sup 7, 92
7439–92-1 Lead - FF, WW 1987, 2006 23, Sup 7, 87
91–20-3 Naphthalene3 - FF, WW 2002 82
7440–02-0 Nickel - WW 1990 Sup 7, 49
139–13-9 Nitrilotriacetic acid - FF 1999 48, 73
94–59-7 Safrole - WW 1987 10, Sup 7
100–42-5 Styrene Leukemia FF 2002 60, 82
13463–67-7 Titanium dioxide - FF 2010 47, 93
1

All chemicals were obtained from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Appendices A of the progress report “Study of the Potential Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing on Drinking Water Resources” (2012) and draft report “Assessment of the Potential Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing for Oil and Gas on Drinking Water Resources” (2015).

2

We abstracted leukemia/lymphoma association information from the IARC monographs report of an association with an increased risk of leukemia and/or lymphoma. If the association with leukemia and/or lymphoma was not reported in the monographs due to no/insufficient evidence of an association with an increased risk of leukemia and/or lymphoma, or if there was a null association, we determined the chemical not to be associated with leukemia and/or lymphoma (“-”).

CASRNs, Chemical Abstract Service Registry Numbers; FF, fracturing fluid; IARC, International Agency for Research on Cancer; WW, wastewater.