Immobilization of dye-labeled α3D. (a) The donor (D), Alexa 488, is attached to the N-terminal unnatural amino acid (4-acetylphenylalanine), acceptor 1 (A1), Alexa 594, is attached to cysteine in the middle of helix 2 (residue 33), and acceptor 2 (A2) is attached to the C-terminal cysteine residue. Molecules are immobilized on a polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated glass surface via a biotin-NeutrAvidin linkage. (b) After labeling D and A1 site-specifically, a cysteine residue is appended at the C-terminus of the protein using the sortase-mediated ligation. Then, A2 is attached to the C-terminal cysteine residue.