Figure 1.

Biological invasions and EIDs as components of One Health. The schematic combines an adaptation of the IPBES Conceptual Framework [29] with a schematic of the One Health concept. The IPBES Conceptual Framework illustrates the interplay between anthropogenic and natural drivers of change in nature (biodiversity and ecosystems) (black boxes and arrows) and how this connects ecosystem services to human well-being (+ve effects, blue box and arrows). We also identify connections to ecosystem disservices, such as those caused by EIDs and invasive species (−ve effects, red box and arrows). For simplicity, positive effects of invasive species are not shown. The One Health concept (green circle) encompasses the IPBES Conceptual Framework, with its interacting human, animal and environment components.