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. 2019 Mar 13;6(3):181605. doi: 10.1098/rsos.181605

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© 2019 The Authors.

Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Figure 5. — Wafer-scale crystalline CNT films fabricated using controlled vacuum filtration. (a) A CNT suspension goes through a vacuum filtration system. (b) A wafer-scale, uniform CNT film is formed on the filter membrane. (c) Optical image of the produced film after being transferred onto a transparent substrate. (d) Separated mono-dispersed suspension using the density gradient ultracentrifugation method and fabricated semitransparent colourful films [68]. (e) A typical AFM image of random networks of CNTs fabricated using the conventional vacuum filtration technique [24]. (f) A high-resolution SEM image and (g) a cross-sectional TEM image of the film. Adapted from [66]. (h,i) Cross-sectional TEM images of a film produced by Falk and coworkers using the controlled vacuum filtration technique, showing crystalline CNTs with a high packing density approximately 3.8 × 10⁵ CNTs μm⁻². (j) A TEM diffraction image of a selected area in (i), showing a hexagonal lattice. (k) Grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction spectrum of a crystallized CNT film (blue curve), and a control film of randomly oriented CNTs (black curve). Adapted from [69].