Table 2.
Summary of studies investigating the cooling effect of large-sized urban parks.
| Ref | Location (Köppen classification, Kottek et al., 2006) | Month | Green site & comparator | Features of green site | Size | Purpose | Methods/Instruments | Conclusion |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hamada and Ohta (2010) | Nagoya, Japan (Cfa) | March and August | One park compared with urban areas | forest, lawn, ponds, fields, spaces containing monuments and badlands | 147 ha | Clarifying the range of the cool-island effect of a green area on an urban area, as well as the relationship between vegetation and air temperatures |
|
The range of the cooling effect as well as the relationship between the vegetation cover and air temperature throughout the year |
| Doick et al. (2014) | London, UK (Cfb) | August to December (nights) | One large park | Water body, mixed grass land and treed landscapes, and formal avenues and gardens | 111 ha | Providing empirical evidence for the extent of cooling of London's UHI with one large greenspace |
|
Using meteorological stations close to urban greenspace can lead to underestimation of urban heat island intensity due to the cooling effect of the greenspace. |
| Sun et al. (2017) | Beijing, China (Dwa) | August 21 | One park, Comparison of entire park with uncovered sites in the park | Grass, 10 & 20 m trees, hardened ground, water body and buildings | 102 ha | Assessing the impacts of these parameters on thermal comfort improving effect of UGSs. |
|
The most significant influencing factor on the moderation of thermal comfort is the higher trees, while hardened ground exhibits a negative impact |
| Chen et al. (2015) | Shanghai, China (Cfa) | November to January | One park, The squares in the park were compared | Surrounded by trees and benches | 21.42 ha | Examining the relationship between outdoor micro-meteorological conditions and people's thermal comfort perception |
|
Visitors' thermal sensations and space use were more significantly affected by the micro- meteorological factors in winter compared with autumn |
| Mahmoud (2011) | Cairo, Egypt (Bwh) | December and June | One big park near the city center (compact urban fabric of the old city core) | 9 different zones: peak, spine, entrance, fountain, lake, canopy, pavement, | 26.01 ha | Assessing microclimatic and human comfort conditions in various zones within an urban park. |
|
The results of this study contribute to the practice of providing appropriate thermal comfort in urban parks to attract visitors in summer and winter seasons. |
| Buyadi et al. (Nov 2013) | Shah-Alam, Malaysia (Af) | Not mentioned | One big national park | Forest reserved and protected | 1,507 ha | Investigating the effects of land use changes on the surface temperature of a big national park |
|
The vegetation areas can provide positive impacts on regulating high temperatures in urban areas. |
| Yan et al. (2018) | Beijing, China (Dwa) | Summer month | One big Central park | Park has hills, forest, lakes, wetland and other natural landscapes | 680 ha | Investigating the cooling effect of big park on thermal environment of surrounding urban area |
|
The cooling effect of the big park influences not only within the park but extends beyond the park's border. |