Skip to main content
. 2019 Apr 8;5(4):e01339. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01339

Table 3.

Summary of studies investigating the cooling effect of medium-sized and small urban parks.

Ref Location (Köppen and Geiger Climatic classification, Kottek et al., 2006) Month Green site & comparator Features of green site Size Purpose Methods/Instruments Conclusion
Vaz Monteiro et al. (2016) London, UK (Cfb) June 20 to October 2, (nights) 8 Parks situated in central of city Tree canopy (47%_174%) and grass (68%_91%) 0.2 ha to 12.1 ha Modeling the extent of the local air cooling service and finding related greenspace area
  • •

    Geographic Information System (ArcMap 10 – Esri)

 For the ranges of areas studied, the distance over which cooling is experienced increases linearly by increasing green areas. The relationships between cooling amount and areas are non-linear.
Cohen et al. (2012) Tel Aviv, Israel (Csa) June 15 to July 15 and January 10 sites: three urban parks, three street canyons, two urban squares and a lawn in the tissue of the city Varied vegetation coverages (a variety of tree types and sizes, shrubs and lawn, and paved areas 2000 m2 to 3600 m2 Examining the diurnal and seasonal climatic behavior of green and bare urban spaces; and studying their impact on human thermal comfort
  • •

    Meteorological stations and relative humidity sensors

  • •

    RayMan and PET calculations

 The cooling effect caused by urban vegetation is much higher in summer than in winter and at midday than at nighttime.
Oliveira et al. (2011) Lisbon, Portugal (Csa) 6 days of 2006 and 2007 (August and September) One garden in densely urbanized area Deciduous trees, small lakes, large trunks and well developed crowns predominate (85%) 0.24 ha Investigating the thermal performance of a small green space and its influence on the weather parameters of the surrounding atmosphere
  • •

    Mobile measurement

  • •

    RayMan

 The thermal performance of green areas is contingent upon some factors, like the climatic envelop and locations of study areas.
Skoulika et al. (2014) Athens, Greece (Csa) July 29 to September 2 One park surrounded by a very dense area with medium size residential and commercial buildings Covered by grass, various types of bushes, low trees (olives, acacias, etc.), dense medium and high size trees 60,000 m2 Understanding and analyzing the relative climatic conditions in the park compared to the reference urban areas, and evaluate its climatic contribution
  • •

    Field measurement (The nine fixed temperature and humidity stations)

  • •

    Mobile sensors

 The park has an important mitigation impact on its surroundings (3.3 K). Increased wind speeds increase the mitigation potential beyond the park limit
Park et al. (2017) Seoul, South Korea (Dwa) Aug 9, 16, 27 and Sep 6, 7, 11 6 Small green space within urban blocks Different shape types: polygonal, linear, single, and mixed. 300 m2 to 650 m2 Understanding the cooling effect of SGs on urban block units based on their types (four types) and structures
  • •

    Choose district by either local climate zone (LCZ) model

  • •

    Air temperature logger (Testo 174H)

 Small green areas can bring a positive benefit by increasing the cooling effects in urban blocks, and configuration of green space (polygonal and mixed types) plays a more important role.