Table 1.

Various Perioperative Elements of ERAS for Liver Resection [12]

Preoperative elements	1. Counseling*
	2. Minimal fasting*
	3. Preoperative carbohydrate load
	4. No oral MBP
	5. Avoid long acting anxiolytics
	6. VTE prophylaxis
	7. Perioperative nutrition
Intraoperative elements	8. Antimicrobial prophylaxis (single dose) and skin preparation (2% chlorhexidine)*
	9. Perioperative steroids
	10. Maintain normothermia*
	11. Perioperative glycemic control
	12. Abdominal wound catheter/intrathecal opioids instead of epidural analgesia*
	13. Prevention of PONV*
	14. Maintain low CVP during liver resection and use of balanced crystalloids*
Surgery related	15. Avoid Mercedes Benz incision
	16. Minimally invasive surgery where appropriate*
	17. Avoidance of nasogastric tube*
	18. Prevention of DGE by omental flap for left-sided resection
Postoperative elements	19. Early oral intake
	20. Early mobilization
	21. Multimodal analgesia*

ERAS: enhanced recovery after surgery, MBP: mechanical bowel preparation, VTE: venous thromboembolism, PONV: postoperative nausea and vomiting, CVP: central venous pressure, DGE: delayed gastric emptying.

^*Implies strong recommendations by the ERAS society.