Table 1.

Study designs and populations of the included studies comparing serious gaming/gamification and traditional learning.

Study	Study type	Population (n)	Country	Field of study
Adams et al 2012 [31]	RCTa	Surgical residents (31)	United States	General surgery
Boada et al 2015 [27]	RCT	Nursing students (109)	Spain	Cardiopulmonary resuscitation skills
Boeker et al 2013 [20]	RCT	Medical students (145)	Germany	Urology
Cook 2012 et al [22]	RCT	Nursing students (34)	United Kingdom	Intermediate life support
De Araujo et al 2016 [42]	RCT	Medical students (20)	Brazil	Surgical skills
Del Blanco et al 2017 [28]	RCT	Nursing and medical students (132)	Spain	Preparation for going into the operating theatre
Diehl et al 2017 [43]	RCT	Primary care physician (134)	Brazil	Insulin management in primary care
Foss et al 2014 [29]	RCT	Nursing students (201)	Norway	Medication calculation
Giannotti et al 2013 [30]	RCT	Surgical residents (42)	Italy	Surgical skills
Graafland et al 2017 [18]	RCT	Surgical residents (31)	Netherlands	Minimally invasive surgery
Hannig et al 2013 [21]	RCT	Dental students (55)	Germany	Alginate mixing skills
Katz et al 2017 [35]	RCT	Anesthesiology residents (44)	United States	Liver transplant anesthesiology
Knight et al 2010 [23]	cRCTb	Health professionals on a Major Incident Management Course (91, 2 clusters)	United Kingdom	Major incident management and support
Lagro et al 2014 [19]	cRCT	Medical students (145, 5 clusters)	Netherlands	Geriatrics
LeFlore et al 2012 [37]	RCT	Nursing students (106)	United States	Pediatric respiratory disease
Li et al 2015 [45]	RCT	Medical students (97)	China/Taiwan	Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Plerhoples et al 2011 [38]	RCT	Surgical residents (40)	United States	Surgical skills
Rondon et al 2013 [44]	RCT	Speech-language and hearing science students (29)	Brazil	Anatomy and physiology
Tan et al 2016 [41]	cRCT	Nursing students (103, 7 clusters)	Singapore	Blood transfusion administration

^aRCT: randomized controlled trial.

^bcRCT: cluster randomized controlled trial.