Table 2.

Study designs and populations of the included studies comparing serious gaming/gamification and other digital education interventions.

Study	Study type	Population (n)	Country	Field of study
Amer et al 2011 [32]	RCTa	Dental students (80)	United States	Operative dentistry
Chien et al 2013 [14]	RCT	Medical students (14)	United States	Laparoscopic surgical tasks
Dankbaar et al 2016 [16]	RCT	Medical students (79)	Netherlands	Approach to acutely unwell patients
Dankbaar et al 2017 [17]	RCT	Medical students (66)	Netherlands	Patient safety and stress management
Gauthier et al 2015 [40]	RCT	Medical students (44)	Canada	Vascular anatomy
Kerfoot et al 2014 [36]	RCT	Primary care physician (111)	United States	Management of blood pressure in primary care
Sward et al 2008 [39]	RCT	Medical students (100)	United States	Pediatrics

^aRCT: randomized controlled trial.