Table 1.
Study and participants characteristics
| Study | N | Mean age + SD (range)years | Gender (M = Males, F=Females) | Pathogens identified (n) | Type of Onychomycosis (n) | Intervention | Comparator/control | Intervention frequency | Follow up times |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bassiri -Jahromi et al. 2012 [30] | 70 | 50.4 (29–78) | 42 M 28 F |
T.Rubrum (52) T.Mentagrophytes (13) T.Verrucosum (1) |
DLSO (57) PSO (13) |
40% urea with 1% fluconazole (urea in combination) | 1% fluconazole alone | Once daily for six months | First = monthly until 6 months After Tx – 2,4 and 6 months |
| Lahfa et al. 2013 [31] | 105 | 54.3 ± 14.9 | 66 M 39 F |
NA | NA | 40% urea, then bifonazole cream for 8 weeks (urea as adjunct) |
1% bifonazole + 40% urea cream, then bifonazole cream for 8 weeks (urea in combination) |
Once daily for 3 weeks | First = 21 days Second = 4 weeks |
| Bunyaratavej at al. 2016 [32] | 53 | 67.8 ± 10.7 | 33 M 20 F |
NA | DLSO (52) SWO (1) |
40% urea | 5% amorolfine nail lacquer | Once daily | Every 2 months until complete cure After Tx – every 6 months for 2 years |
| Fraki et al. 1997 [33] | 114 | 44 (19–70) | 63 M 51 F |
T.Rubrum (112) T.Mentagrophytes (1) T.Tonsurans (1) |
NA | 40% urea, then 150 mg fluconazole (urea as adjunct) | 150 mg fluconazole oral | Once only | Every month until cure or 12 months After Tx – 1,3 and 6 months |
| Escalante et al. 2013 [34] | 55 | NR | 19 M 36 F |
T.Rubrum (26) T.Mentagrophytes (2) |
TDO (21) | 40% urea | Group 1 - 250 mg oral terbinafine Group 2 – 250 mg oral terbinafine + 40% urea cream (urea in combination) |
Once nightly for 4 weeks | First = 12 weeks After Tx – 12 weeks |
| Baran and Tosti 2002 [35] | 10 | 22–65 | 8 M 2 F |
T.Rubrum (7) Candida (1) Other pathogens (2) |
DLSO (8) TDO (2) |
40% urea | NA | Twice daily for one week | 7 days |
Pathogens identified = Trichophyton Rubrum (T.Rubrum), Trichophyton Mentagrophytes (T.Mentagrophytes), Trichophyton Tonsuran (T.Tonsuran) and Trichophyton Verrucosum (T.Verrucosum). Types of Onychomycosis = Distal and lateral subungual onychomycosis (DLSO), Proximal subungual onychomycosis (PSO), Superficial White Onychomycosis (SWO) and Total Dystrophic Onychomycosis (TDO)
NR not reported, Tx treatment