Table 5.

NHMRC FORM framework

Component	Grade	Comments
Evidence base	C–Satisfactory One or two level III studies with a low risk of bias, or level I or II studies with a moderate risk of bias	Quantity: Total of 6 studies Level II: 2 studies; Level III-2: 1 study; Level III-3: 2 studies Level IV: 1 study;
Consistency	C–Satisfactory Some inconsistency	Multiple study designs All included studies used 40% urea Good consistency with diagnostic criteria Varied outcomes but some consistency
Clinical impact	D–Poor Slight or restricted	While four studies reported statistical significance, clinical significance was not reported at all.
Generalisability	B–Good Population(s) studied in body of evidence is/are similar to the target population	Population studied in the evidence base is similar to the target population; Age range: 22–78 years Consistent diagnostic criteria and concentration of urea used
Grade of recommendations	C–Satisfactory Body of evidence provides some support for recommendation(s) but care should be taken in its application	Overall, most studies are of moderate methodological quality; There was consistency noticed in the diagnostic criteria, intervention/control and outcomes measured. The lack of long-term follow-up existed.