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. 2019 Apr 11;19:390. doi: 10.1186/s12889-019-6700-x

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© The Author(s). 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 2 — County socioeconomic disadvantage, 1992. Higher values represent higher levels of county socioeconomic disadvantage. For illustrative purposes, measures of county-level educational attainment, unemployment, and income were standardized with a mean of zero and standard deviation of one, and these three values were then summed to obtain the composite index shown here. Source: Authors’ calculations using publicly available data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the Bureau of Economic Analysis, and the Census Bureau