. 2019 Apr 8;12:783–794. doi: 10.2147/IDR.S197531

Table 2.

Effect of laminarin on the ability of C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. guilliermondii, C. krusei, and C. auris to stimulate cytokine production

	TNFα (%)^a	IL-6 (%)^a	IL-1β (%)^a	IL-10 (%)^a

*C. albicans*
Live	100	100	100	100
Live + laminarin^b	99.1±0.1	99.2±0.1	99.3±0.2	95.8±0.6
HK	100	100	100	100
HK + laminarin^b	15.7±4.4^c	22.8±5.4^c	26.8±6.4^c	23.7±7.8^c
β-eliminated	100	100	100	100
β-eliminated + laminarin^b	98.4±1.1	97.8±0.9	96.8±2.8	98.7±0.8
HK + β-eliminated	100	100	100	100
HK + β-eliminated + laminarin^b	17.2±10.4^c	21.8±6.0^c	22.1±3.2^c	29.3±9.4^c
*C. tropicalis*
Live	100	100	100	100
Live + laminarin^b	98.1±0.3	97.2±0.1	98.8±0.3	97.4±0.2
HK	100	100	100	100
HK + laminarin^b	26.7±6.1^c	28.4±8.1^c	21.8±9.1^c	29.4±10.1^c
β-eliminated	100	100	100	100
β-eliminated + laminarin^b	94.2±0.9	95.0±2.4	98.1±0.7	94.6±2.1
HK + β-eliminated	100	100	100	100
HK + β-eliminated+ laminarin^b	27.9±7.1^c	29.4±4.1^c	30.4±10.5^c	31.7±8.5^c
*C. guilliermondii*
Live	100	100	100	100
Live + laminarin^b	99.8±0.1	93.0±4.4	98.4±0.2	90.8±4.4
HK	100	100	100	100
HK + laminarin^b	34.8±9.4^c	17.5±9.4^c	19.5±4.5^c	20.6±6.1^c
β-eliminated	100	100	100	100
β-eliminated + laminarin^b	35.6±7.4^c	27.3±5.6^c	18.5±3.7^c	22.4±8.8^c
HK + β-eliminated	100	100	100	100
HK + β-eliminated + laminarin^b	27.2±5.4^c	25.4±8.4^c	20.2±6.1^c	21.9±3.7^c
*C. krusei*
Live	100	100	100	100
Live + laminarin^b	93.3±2.4	90.4±9.4	9.7±1.8	93.1±5.2
HK	100	100	100	100
HK + laminarin^b	23.2±6.1^c	25.8±5.1^c	19.5±4.5^c	26.1±4.8^c
β-eliminated	100	100	100	100
β-eliminated + laminarin^b	21.8±5.5^c	16.4±2.4^c	27.4±7.6^c	23.1±6.0^c
HK + β-eliminated	100	100	100	100
HK + β-eliminated + laminarin^b	22.2±11.4^c	22.0±5.7^c	30.4±10.5^c	32.5±8.3^c
*C. auris*
Live	100	100	100	100
Live + laminarin^b	97.0±0.5	97.4±0.4	96.9±0.6	99.1±0.1
HK	100	100	100	100
HK + laminarin^b	20.4±8.4^c	27.0±8.1^c	24.1±9.4^c	28.8±7.9^c
β-eliminated	100	100	100	100
β-eliminated + laminarin^b	92.8±6.5	95.1±1.7	92.4±8.0	97.2±3.7
HK + β-eliminated	100	100	100	100
HK + β-eliminated + laminarin^b	21.4±7.5^c	28.0±9.4^c	27.2±6.6^c	21.0±5.6^c

Notes:

The 100% value corresponds to the cytokine concentration produced when laminarin was not included in the stimulation assays.

Human PBMCs were preincubated for 60 minutes at 37°C with 200 µg·mL^-¹ laminarin before adding the fungal stimuli.

P<0.05, when compared with the assay with no laminarin included. Data presented as mean±SD.

Abbreviations: PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor alpha; HK, heat-killed; C. albicans, Candida albicans; C. tropicalis, Candida tropicalis; C. guilliermondii, Candida guilliermondii; C. krusei, Candida krusei; C. auris, Candida auris.