Gunning 1978.

Methods	Study design: non‐randomised controlled trial (cross‐over study)
Participants	Inclusion criteria: volunteers with intact oral mucosa Exclusion criteria: — Diagnostic criteria: no clinical or chemical evidence of disease or a history of diabetes mellitus Setting: experimental setting in healthy volunteers Age group: 7 adults Gender distribution: not specified Country where study was performed: USA
Interventions	Intervention: buccal treatment: 15 g of instant glucose, placed between the teeth and the cheek of each participant; participants were encouraged not to swallow Comparator: oral treatment: 15 g doses of instant glucose, to be swallowed by the participants Duration of intervention: not specified Duration of follow‐up: 30 minutes after sugar administration Run‐in period: 12‐hour overnight fast Number of study centres: —
Outcomes	Reported outcome(s) in full text of publication: blood or plasma glucose concentration at 20 minutes (reported as dichotomous outcome 'number of participants with increased blood glucose at 20 minutes')
Study registration	NA
Publication details	Language of publication: English Funding: non‐commercial funding (this study was funded by grant RR00350 from the Division of Research Resources, the National Instistutes of Health, and by grants from the Kelsey‐Leary Foundation and the Texas Diabetes Research Foundation) Publication status: peer‐reviewed journal
Stated aim for study	Quote from publication: "We have evaluated the efficacy of instant glucose by studying the absorption of instant glucose in normal volunteers."
Notes	Risk of bias assessed with ROBINS‐I tool for non‐randomised studies (see Appendix 4)