Venn diagrams denote the number of genes increased (A) or decreased (B) in GDM, MIA, or GDM+MIA when compared to control mice. The graphics represent gene counts increased (C) or decreased (D) in GDM and GDM+MIA, MIA and GDM+MIA or GDM, MIA and GDM+MIA as indicated. (A and B) Significant changes in gene expression were determined by multiple t tests, and genes with p<0.05, FDR<0.01 were selected. (C and D) Tukey’s multiple comparisons 2way ANOVA was used to determine significance among the groups. Gene symbols are listed according to HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee 75.