Table 3. Associations between maternal characteristics and any evidence of fetal ACA.
| Characteristic | Category | Risk of any fetal ACA | Univariate | Multivariate | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p-value | aOR (95% CI) | p-value | |||
| Age in years at enrollment | 17–21 | 5/21 (23.8%) | reference | reference | ||
| 22–27 | 17/53 (32.1%) | 1.51 (0.47–4.81) | 0.49 | 1.39 (0.39–4.91) | 0.61 | |
| 28–43 | 32/119 (26.9%) | 1.18 (0.40–3.48) | 0.77 | 1.59 (0.46–5.47) | 0.46 | |
| Formal education | Any | 45/150 (30.0%) | reference | reference | ||
| None | 9/43 (20.9%) | 0.62 (0.27–1.39) | 0.25 | 0.47 (0.19–1.17) | 0.11 | |
| Household wealth index | Lowest third | 18/64 (28.1%) | reference | reference | ||
| Middle third | 17/62 (27.4%) | 0.97 (0.44–2.11) | 0.93 | 0.95 (0.41–2.19) | 0.90 | |
| Highest third | 19/67 (28.4%) | 1.01 (0.47–2.17) | 0.98 | 0.89 (0.39–2.06) | 0.79 | |
| Gravidity | Multigravida | 44/152 (29.0%) | reference | Not included in final model due to correlation with maternal age | ||
| Secundigravida | 7/23 (30.4%) | 1.07 (0.41–2.79) | 0.88 | |||
| Primigravida | 3/18 (16.7%) | 0.49 (0.14–1.78) | 0.28 | |||
| Gestational age at enrollment | > 20–28 weeks | 21/89 (23.6%) | reference | reference | ||
| > 16–20 weeks | 17/53 (32.1%) | 1.53 (0.72–3.26) | 0.27 | 1.75 (0.76–4.02) | 0.19 | |
| 12–16 weeks | 16/51 (31.4%) | 1.48 (0.69–3.19) | 0.32 | 2.05 (0.84–5.00) | 0.12 | |
| Duration since HIV diagnosed | ≤ 2 years | 25/76 (32.9%) | reference | reference | ||
| > 2years | 29/117 (24.8%) | 0.67 (0.36–1.27) | 0.22 | 0.70 (0.32–1.54) | 0.38 | |
| When started on ART | > 90 days before enrollment | 33/130 (25.4%) | reference | reference | ||
| 1–90 days before enrollment | 9/25 (36.0%) | 1.65 (0.67–4.10) | 0.28 | 1.49 (0.52–4.25) | 0.46 | |
| At enrollment | 12/38 (31.6%) | 1.36 (0.62–2.99) | 0.45 | 1.23 (0.48–3.17) | 0.67 | |
| WHO stage at enrollment | Stage 1 | 54/183 (29.5%) | reference | reference | ||
| Stage 2–3 | 0/10 (0%) | NA | - | NA | - | |
| IPTp regimen | TMP-SMX alone | 31/95 (32.6%) | reference | reference | ||
| TMP-SMX + DP | 23/98 (23.5%) | 0.63 (0.34–1.19) | 0.16 | 0.56 (0.28–1.10) | 0.09 | |
| CD4 T-cell count at delivery | > 500 cells/mm3 | 38/119 (31.9%) | reference | reference | ||
| 250–500 cells/mm3 | 11/58 (19.0%) | 0.50 (0.23–1.07) | 0.07 | 0.51 (0.23–1.16) | 0.11 | |
| < 250 cells/mm3 | 5/16 (31.3%) | 0.97 (0.31–2.98) | 0.96 | 2.05 (0.52–8.10) | 0.31 | |
| Viral load at delivery | Undetectable | 39/147 (26.5%) | reference | reference | ||
| Detectable | 15/46 (32.6%) | 1.34 (0.65–2.74) | 0.42 | 1.46 (0.63–3.38) | 0.37 | |
| Placental malaria | Absent | 52/184 (28.3%) | reference | reference | ||
| Present | 2/9 (22.2%) | 0.73 (0.15–3.61) | 0.70 | 1.16 (0.18–7.16) | 0.87 | |