FIGURE 2—

Longitudinal Measures of Despair, by Geographic Locale, Across Age, for (a) Depressive Symptoms, (b) Suicidal Ideation, (c) Heavy Drinking, and (d) Marijuana Use: United States, 1994–2017

Note. We predicted results from multilevel logistic (suicidal ideation, marijuana use, heavy drinking) and Poisson (depressive symptoms) regression models, controlling for sex. All models include cubic age trajectories, a random intercept for individuals, and survey weights accounting for the Add Health sampling design. Year refers to the calendar year of data collection spanning particular age ranges of respondents; for example, wave IV was conducted in 2008–2009 and covers respondents aged 24–32. Full regression results are provided in Table E (available as a supplement to the online version of this article at http://www.ajph.org).