Unconstrained Path Models of Cross-Lagged Associations among Callous-Unemotional Behaviors and Adoptive Fathers’ Harsh Parenting. Standardized Coefficients for the Lower Inherited Risk Group are presented first followed by the Higher Inherited Risk Group in parentheses.
Note. * p < .05; ** p < .01. Model uses averaged adoptive mother and adoptive father reports of child callous-unemotional behaviors and controls for oppositional behavior, child gender, adoption openness, and pregnancy complications. AF = Adoptive Father. CU = Callous-Unemotional.