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. 2019 Apr 3;5(4):eaav4116. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aav4116

Fig. 2. Glucose homeostasis in RalGAPα1Thr735Ala knock-in mice.

Fig. 2

(A) Oral glucose tolerance test in WT and RalGAPα1Thr735Ala knock-in (KI) male mice at the age of 12 months. The values show the glucose area under the curve (AUC) during glucose tolerance test. n = 7 to 8. (B) Insulin tolerance test in WT and RalGAPα1Thr735Ala knock-in male mice at the age of 26 weeks. The values show the glucose area above the curve (ABC) during insulin tolerance test. n = 7 to 8. (C) GTP-bound active RalA in the gastrocnemius muscle of male WT and RalGAPα1Thr735Ala knock-in mice (2 months old) treated with saline (basal) or insulin. (D) Cell surface and total GLUT4 levels in the soleus muscle of male WT and RalGAPα1Thr735Ala knock-in mice (4 months old) in response to insulin. (E) Quantitation of cell surface GLUT4 contents in the soleus muscle of male WT and RalGAPα1Thr735Ala knock-in mice (4 months old) in response to insulin. n = 6. Representative blots were shown in (D). †P < 0.001 (WT insulin versus WT basal) and ‡P < 0.001 (RalGAPα1Thr735Ala insulin versus RalGAPα1Thr735Ala basal). n.s., not significant. (F and G) GLUT4 staining in soleus muscle fibers of male WT and RalGAPα1Thr735Ala knock-in mice (4 months old) in response to insulin. (F) Representative images. WGA, wheat germ agglutinin. (G) Quantitative data of cell surface GLUT4. At least 100 muscle fibers were quantified per condition/genotype. Scale bars, 2 μm. †P < 0.001 (WT insulin versus WT basal) and ‡P < 0.001 (RalGAPα1Thr735Ala insulin versus RalGAPα1Thr735Ala basal). (H and I) Glucose uptake in the soleus (H) or extensor digitorum longus (EDL) (I) muscle ex vivo of female WT and RalGAPα1Thr735Ala knock-in mice (4 months old) in response to insulin. n = 6 to 8. Insulin-stimulated fold increases of glucose uptake were calculated rates in each genotype. †P < 0.01 (soleus) or P < 0.001 (EDL) (RalGAPα1Thr735Ala insulin versus WT insulin). Data are given as means ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001.