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. 2019 Apr 11;9:5928. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-42411-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Surgical procedures conducted in the RF groups. (A) In the transpapilar group (TP-RF) a RF bipolar catheter was introduced through the papilla and gently pulled back while RF power was applied. (B) In the transection group (TS-RF), dissection of the pancreas neck over the portal vein was firstly performed, and the transection planes of the proximal remnants were coagulated and sealed with an internally cooled RF electrode. After that, the distal remnants were endoluminally treated with the same RF bipolar catheter employed used in the TP-RF group, and their transection planes coagulated and sealed with the internally cooled RF device. SL: splenic lobe; DL: duodenal lobe; CL: connecting lobe (CL); B: Bridge.