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. 2019 Apr 5;10:303. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00303

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Copyright © 2019 Bächinger, Brühlmann, Honegger, Michalopoulou, Monge Naldi, Wettstein, Muff, Schuknecht and Eckhard.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Gd-MRI VA morphology in representative MD cases with degenerative (A,B) and hypoplastic (C,D) ES pathology. Maximum intensity projections of axial plane images (A,C), and 3D reconstructions (postero-superior view) of the labyrinthine fluid spaces with the VA shown in magenta (B,D). Arrowheads in (A,C) indicate the VA in the opercular region. Insets in (A,C) show angle measurements of the VA's angular trajectory as described previously (7) (sSCC, superior semicircular canal; hSCC, lateral semicircular canal; pSCC, posterior semicircular canal). Scale bars, 10 mm.