Table 2.
Demographic and clinical characteristics tested for between-group differences.
| Variable | Degeneration (n = 55) | Hypoplasia (n = 17) | Difference (95% CI) | p-value | Benjamini-Hochberg significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female:male ratio | 30 (54.5%): 25 (45.5%) | 1 (5.9%): 16 (94.1%) | n. a. | 0.0004 | sig. |
| Headache type | |||||
| - Migraineous | 20 (36.4%) | 4 (23.5%) | |||
| - Non-migraineous | 5 (9.1%) | 8 (47.1%) | n. a. | 0.004 | sig. |
| - None | 30 (54.5%) | 5 (29.4%) | |||
| SCC dehiscence on affected side | 2 (3.6%) | 5 (29.4%) | n. a. | 0.007 | sig. |
| Caloric response asymmetry (unilateral cases)—% asymmetry | 30.2 ± 30.4 (n = 48) | 13.5 ± 15.2 (n = 12) | 16.7 (4.4 to 29.1) | 0.009 | sig. |
| Laterality | |||||
| - Unilateral | 52 (94.5%) | 12 (70.6%) | n. a. | 0.015 | sig. |
| - Bilateral | 3 (5.5%) | 5 (29.4%) | |||
| Vertigo frequency | |||||
| - Daily/weekly | 36 (65.5%) | 9 (52.9%) | |||
| - Monthly | 7 (12.7%) | 7 (41.2%) | n. a. | 0.023 | sig. |
| - Other | 12 (21.8%) | 1 (5.9%) | |||
| Family history | |||||
| - MD | 2 (3.6%) | 2 (11.8%) | |||
| - Hearing loss/vertigo | 6 (10.9%) | 5 (29.4%) | |||
| - Migraine | 6 (10.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | n. a. | 0.141 | n. s. |
| - None | 37 (67.3%) | 10 (58.8%) | |||
| - No data | 4 (7.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | |||
| Age at first symptoms | 47.9 ± 12.6 | 43.1 ± 8.9 | 4.8 (−0.8 to 10.3) | 0.152 | n. s. |
| Cardiovascular comorbidities | 20 (36.4%) | 3 (17.6%) | n. a. | 0.234 | n. s. |
| Hearing aid(s) | 20 (36.4%) | 9 (52.9%) | n. a. | 0.265 | n. s. |
| Vegetative symptoms | 47 (85.5%) | 12 (70.6%) | n. a. | 0.277 | n. s. |
| Hydrops grade—median (25th−75th percentiles) | 1.3 (1.0 to 2.0) | 1.0 (0.9 to 1.5) | n. a. | 0.289 | n. s. |
| oVEMP asymmetry ratio | 6.5 ± 24.3 (n = 41) | 13.0 ± 19.4 (n = 13) | 6.5 (−7.1 to 20.0) | 0.324 | n. s. |
| cVEMP asymmetry ratio | 6.9 ± 22.4 (n = 38) | 15.8 ± 22.8 (n = 13) | 8.9 (−0.5 to 14.2) | 0.333 | n. s. |
| Dynamic visual acuity loss (logMAR)—median (25th−75th percentiles) | 0.4 (0.5 to 0.6) (n = 40) | 0.3 (0.4 to 0.6) (n = 7) | n. a. | 0.349 | n. s. |
| Hearing loss (last PTA)—median (25th−75th percentiles) | 40.0 (19.9 to 54.6) | 42.1 (26.8 to 42.1) | n. a. | 0.403 | n. s. |
| Head impulse test gain ratios—median (25th−75th percentiles) | 1.1 (0.9 to 1.3) (n = 49) | 1.0 (0.8 to 1.3) (n = 9) | n. a. | 0.410 | n. s. |
| Neck or spine problems | 9 (16.4%) | 1 (5.9%) | n. a. | 0.434 | n. s. |
| Hearing loss (first PTA)—median (25th−75th percentiles) | 28.3 (10.8 to 45.5) | 28.25 (19.3 to 44.4) | n. a. | 0.443 | n. s. |
| Maximal MD therapy | |||||
| - Betahistine/cinnarizine | 17 (30.9%) | 6 (35.3%) | |||
| - Intratympanic dexamethasone/lidocaine | 34 (61.8%) | 11 (64.7%) | n. a. | 0.665 | n. s. |
| - Intratympanic gentamicin | 4 (7.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | |||
| Photo-/phono-phobia | 17 (30.9%) | 6 (35.3%) | n. a. | 0.735 | n. s. |
| Hearing loss pattern (first PTA) | |||||
| - Low | 6 (10.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | |||
| - High and low (peak) | 25 (45.5%) | 9 (52.9%) | |||
| - High/other | 9 (16.4%) | 3 (17.6%) | n. a. | 0.737 | n. s. |
| - All frequencies | 13 (23.6%) | 5 (29.4%) | |||
| - No hearing loss | 2 (3.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | |||
| Migraineous aura | 11 (20.0%) | 3 (17.6%) | n. a. | 0.830 | n. s. |
| Maximal migraine therapy | |||||
| - Magnesium, vitamin B2, flunarizine | 13 (23.7%) | 4 (23.5%) | |||
| - Valproate, triptans | 10 (18.1%) | 4 (23.5%) | n. a. | 0.928 | n. s. |
| - None | 32 (58.2%) | 9 (52.9%) | |||
| Hearing loss pattern (last PTA) | |||||
| - Low | 1 (1.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | |||
| - High and low | 17 (30.9%) | 6 (35.3%) | |||
| - High/other | 10 (18.2%) | 2 (11.8%) | n. a. | 0.929 | n. s. |
| - All frequencies | 23 (41.8%) | 8 (47.1%) | |||
| - No hearing loss | 3 (5.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | |||
| - No data | 1 (1.8%) | 1 (5.9%) | |||
| First MD symptom | |||||
| - Hearing loss | 13 (23.6%) | 4 (23.5%) | |||
| - Vertigo | 11 (20.0%) | 5 (29.4%) | |||
| - Tinnitus/aural fullness | 5 (9.1%) | 1 (5.9%) | n. a. | 0.929 | n. s. |
| - Multiple | 21 (38.2%) | 7 (41.2%) | |||
| - No data | 5 (9.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | |||
| Allergies | 6 (10.9%) | 2 (11.8%) | n. a. | 0.992 | n. s. |
| Vertigo quality | |||||
| - Rocking | 12 (21.8%) | 4 (23.5%) | |||
| - Spinning | 41 (74.6%) | 13 (76.5%) | n. a. | 1.000 | n. s. |
| - Other | 2 (3.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | |||
Values are reported as absolute numbers (percentage), mean ± SD or median with 25th and 75th percentiles. The number in brackets indicates the number of patients included in the analysis if some patients in the group were excluded. 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; cVEMP/oVEMP, cervical/ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials; logMAR, logarithm of minimum angle of resolution; MD, Meniere's disease; n. a., not applicable; n. s., not significant; PTA1, first available pure-tone audiometry; PTA4, last available pure-tone audiometry; SCC, semicircular canal; sig., significant.