Table 5.
Frequency of potential minor risk embolic sources among ESUS patients ≤50 years vs. >50 years.
| Minor risk potential embolic sources | Age ≤50N (%) | Age > 50N (%) | P valuea |
|---|---|---|---|
| Carotid artery non-stenotic plaquesb | 37 (69) | 171 (82) | 0.0393 |
| Mitral annular calcification and thickening with myxomatous changesc | 0 (0) | 17 (7) | 0.0296 |
| Aortic valve stenosis and calcificationc | 1 (1) | 23 (9) | 0.0367 |
| Hypokinetic/akinetic left ventriclec | 3 (4) | 10 (4) | >0.90 |
| Moderate-to-severely dilated left atriumc | 6 (8) | 13 (5) | 0.3894 |
| Aortic arch atherosclerotic plaquesd | 1 (3) | 34 (40) | <0.0001 |
| Patent foramen ovalec | 7 (10) | 12 (5) | 0.1487 |
| Patent foramen ovaled | 12 (32) | 19 (22) | 0.2605 |
| Any minor risk potential embolic sources | 49 (63) | 209 (77) | 0.0197 |
| ≥2 minor-risk embolic sources | 11 (14) | 72 (26) | 0.0240 |
ESUS: embolic strokes of undetermined source; TTE: Transthoracic Echocardiogram; POCS: Posterior Circulation Stroke; CTA: Computed Tomography Angiogram; MRA: Magnetic Resonance Angiogram.
aP values for categorical comparison – Fisher's exact test.
bIn all ESUS patients excluding POCS either on CTA, MRA or carotid ultrasonography.
cESUS patients who had TTE.
dESUS patients who had TEE.