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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 2019 Jan 23;46(3-4):493–513. doi: 10.1007/s10295-018-02130-w

Figure 12.

Figure 12.

NRPS-catalyzed formation of β-lactones and β-lactams. (A) Structure of representative β-lactone and β-lactam-containing NRPs (B) Role of ObiF and ObiD in lactone synthesis including A domain-catalyzed activation and loading of DHB and Phe*, C domain-catalyzed amide bond formation to generate the pseudo dipeptide, and TE domain-catalyzed lactonization to release the product from the NRPS. A similar strategy is utilized to generate the β-lactam in sulfacezin. DHB, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid; Phe*, β-hydroxy-p-nitro-homophenylalanine.