Fig. 1.

Y chromosome phylogeny, haplogroup distribution, and map of the sampling locations. The phylogenetic tree was reconstructed in BEAST based on 2379 SNPs and is in accordance with the known Y chromosome topology [7, 27, 30]. Main haplogroup clades and their labels are shown with different colors. Age estimates are reported in italics near each node, with the mean TMRCA of main haplogroups shown with their corresponding color. A map of the sampling locations, re-used with permission from Oliveira et al. [9], is shown on the bottom left, and the haplogroup distribution per population is shown on the bottom right, with color-coding corresponding to the phylogenetic tree. In the map, the Angolan Namib province is delimited by a gray contour, country borders are show in black, and the names of the main intermittent rivers are indicated in blue