Table 5.
Protecting cardiovascular system related diseases effect.
| Pharmacological effects | Extract/compounds | Material or model | Mechanism | Dose | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lipid lowering effect | 8 | High fat (HF) diet C57BL/6J mice | Suppressing of lipogenesis and the enhancement of lipid oxidation in the liver | 100 mg/kg, 56 d | (Yang et al. 2016) |
| Hypolipidemic Effect | 3, 1, 8, 4, 5, Total alkaloids of CR (TACR) | High fat and high choesterol (HFHC) diet hamsters | Down-regulating the expression of HMGCR and up-regulating the expression of LDLR and CYP7A1 as well as promoting the excretion of TBA in the feces | 46.7 mg/kg, for 140 d | (He et al. 2016) |
| Synergetic cholesterol-lowering effects of main alkaloids | 3, 1, 8, 4, 5, TACR | HC diet hamsters; HepG2 cell | Up-regulating LDLR and CYP7A1, down-regulating HMGCR | in vivo: 70.05 mg/kg, 28 d; in vitro: 5 μg/mL | (Kou et al. 2016) |
| Antihyperlipidemia | 4, 8, 1, 5, | Diabetic KK-Ay mice; HepG2 cell | not mentioned | in vivo: 225 mg/kg, 40 d; in vitro: 5 μg/mL | (Ma et al. 2016) |
| Antihypercholesterole | berbamine | HC diet adult zebrafish; zebrafish larvae; embryos | Up-regulating cholesterol transport and bile acid synthesis, inhibiting cholesterol synthesis and lipoprotein assembly or secretion | Adult: 2.25, 4.5 or 9 mg/fish, 28 d; Larvae: 10, 20 or 40 μg/mL, 10 d; embryo: 5, 10, 20, 40 or 80 μg/mL In vitro: 5, 10, 20, 40 or 80 μg/mL |
(Han et al. 2017) |
| Antihyperlipidemia | 3, 1, 4, TACR | HF diet C57BL/6J mice | Modulating of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids and cross-talk between the gut microbiota and the liver | 140 mg/kg, 35 d | (He et al. 2017) |
| Treating obesity | Ethanol extracts of CR, 1 | HF diet C57BL/6J mice | Decreasing degradation of dietary polysaccharides, lowering potential calorie intake, activating mitochondrial energy metabolism, regulating on gut microbes | 200 mg/kg, 42 d | (Xie W et al. 2011) |
| Treating obesity | 1 | High fat and high carbohydrate diet Wistar rats | Increasing the production of adiponectin and regulating the AMPK mechanism | 380 mg/kg, 56 d | (Wu et al. 2016) |
| Anti-adipogenic activity | 1, 3, 4, 5, 30 | 3T3-L1 cells | Downregulating C/EBP-α and PPAR-gamma | 12.5-50 μM | (Choi et al. 2014) |
| Anti-adipogenic effect | 5 | 3T3-L1 cells | Downregulating Raf/MEK1/ERK1/2 and AMPKα/Akt pathways during 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation | 12.5, 25, 50 μM | (Choi et al. 2015) |
| Supressing adipocyte differentiation | 1 | 3T3-L1 cells | Inhibiting cAMP/PKA-mediated CREB pathway | 5 μM | (Zhang et al. 2015) |
| Treating atherosclerosis and other chronic inflammatory disease | 3 | ApoE(-/-) mice | Inhibiting activation of MAPK signaling pathways and NF-kappa B nuclear translocation | 150 mg/kg, 84 d | (Feng et al. 2017) |
| Anti-atherosclerosis | 1 | Apolipoprotein E-deficient mice | Inhibiting oxidation and inflammation cytokine expressions | 150 mg/kg, 84 d | (Feng et al.2016) |
| Suppressing atherogenesis | 1 | Western diet ApoE (ApoE-/-) mice and ApoE-/-/AMPK alpha 2-/- mice; HUVECs | Suppressing atherogenesis via stimulation of AMPK-dependent UCP2 expression | in vivo: 1 mM in drinking water, 56 d; in vitro: 10 μM | (Wang et al. 2011) |
| Anti-atherogenic effect | 1 | THP-1-derived macrophages | Activating AMPK-SIRT1-PPAR-γ pathway and diminishing the uptake of ox-LDL | 14.9, 29.7, 59.5 mg/L | (Chi et al. 2014) |
| Anti-atherogenesis | 1 | THP-1 cells | Suppressing the activation of p38 pathway | 5, 10, 25, 50 μM | (Huang et al. 2011) |
| Against I/R injury | 1 | T2DM Wistar rats exposed to I/R | AMPK activation, AKT phosphorylation, and GSK3 inhibition in the nonischemic areas of the diabetic heart | 100 mg/kg, 7 d | (Chang et al. 2016) |
| Alleviating cardiac I/R injury | 1 | I/R C57BL/6 mice, H9c2 myocytes, | Suppressing autophagy activation by decreasing the expression of SIRT1, BNIP3, and Beclin- p-AMPK and p-mTORC2 (Ser2481) | in vivo: 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg; in vitro: 5, 10, 20 μM | (Huang et al. 2015) |
| Anti- I/R injury | 1 | I/R SD rats | Attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction and myocardial apoptosis | 200 mg/kg, 28 d | (Wang Y et al. 2015) |
| Anti-I/R injury | 1 | I/R SD rats, SIR H9c2 cells | Modulating Notch1/Hes1-PTEN/Akt signaling | in vivo: 200 mg/kg, 14 d; in vitro: 50 μM | (Yu et al. 2015) |
| Anti- I/R injury | 1 | I/R SD rats, SI/R H9c2 cells | Activating the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway and attenuating ER stress-induced apoptosis | in vivo: 200 mg/kg, 14 d; in vitro: 50 μM | (Zhao et al. 2016) |
| Anti- I/R injury | 1 | I/R SD rats | Suppressing the activation of PI3K/AKT signaling, | 100 mg/kg, 14 d | (Zhu and Li2016) |
| Anti-cardiac I/R injury | 1 | H/R H9c2 cells | Inhibiting apoptosis through the activation of Smad7 | 50 μM | (Yao et al. 2017) |
| Inhibition of autophagy induced by hypoxia | 1 | H9c2 cells under hypoxia | Inhibition of autophagy and suppression of AMPK activation | 5, 10 or 25 µM | (Jia et al. 2017) |
| Attenuating MI/R injury | 1 | I/R SD rats, SI/R H9c2 | Reducing oxidative damage and inflammation response, and SIRT1 signaling plays a key role | in vivo: 200 mg/kg, 14 d; in vitro: 50 μM | (Yu et al. 2016) |
| Anti- hypertrophy | 1 | High Glucose-and Insulin-Induced Cardiomyocyte | Activating the PPARα/NO signaling pathway | 0.01-10 μM. | (Wang M et al. 2013) |
| Anti- acute myocardial ischemia | 1 | SD rats with isoproterenol | Anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activity through regulating HMGB1-TLR4 Axis | 30, 60 mg/kg, 14 d | (Zhang T et al. 2014) |
| Anti-H/R damage | 3 | H/R H9c2 cell | Inhibition of autophagy | 0.3, 1, 3, 10 μM | (Wang Y et al. 2017) |
| Anti-I/R injury | 3 | I/R SD rats | Suppressing myocardial apoptosis and inflammation by inhibiting the Rho/ROCK pathway | 3, 10, and 30 mg/kg | (Guo et al. 2013) |
| Reducing I/R injury | 4 | I/R SD rats, HAEC cells, RAW 264.7 cells | Reducing oxidative stress and modulating inflammatory mediators | in vivo: 25, 50 mg/kg; in vitro: 1, 2, 5, 10 μM in HAEC; 1, 5, 10 μM in RAW 264.7 cells | (Kim et al. 2009) |
| Anti-nonalcoholic steatohepatitis | 1 | HF diet Balc/c mice | Normalizing gut microbiota, decreasing expression of endotoxin receptor, inflammatory cytokines | 200 mg/kg, 56 d | (Cao et al. 2016) |
| Decreasing hepatic steatosis | 1 | HF C57BL/6J mice, H4IIE cells | Anti-inflammation | in vivo: 100 mg/kg, 28 d; in vitro: 10, 25, 50 μM | (Guo et al. 2016) |
| Attenuating hepatic steatosis | 1 | High fat and high-sucrose C57BL/6 mice, mouse primary hepatocytes, HepG2 cells | Inducing autophagy and fibroblast growth factor 21 in SIRT1-dependent manner | in vivo: 5 mg/kg, ip., 35 d; in vitro: 10 μM | (Sun et al. 2017) |
| Attenuating hepatic steatosis | 1 | HF diet SD rats, Huh7 cells | Global modulation of hepatic mRNA and lncRNA expression profiles | in vivo: 200 mg/kg, 112 d; in vitro: 10 μM | (Yuan et al. 2015) |
| Attenuating hepatic steatosis | 1 | Db/db mice and methionine-choline-deficient diet mice, tunicamycin-induced mice, HepG2 cells | Reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress through the ATF6/SREBP-1c pathway | in vivo: 200 mg/kg, 35 or 20 or 3 d respectively; in vitro: 5 μM | (Zhang et al. 2016) |