Table 1. Demographic and biochemical characteristics of the individuals at enrollment.
| All | Male | Female | P | |
| n | 319 | 126 | 193 | |
| Age, y | 50 ± 16 | 50 ± 17 | 50 ± 16 | 0.871 |
| Weight, kg | 98 ± 28 | 115 ± 27 | 86 ± 23 | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 35.1 ± 8.8 | 37.8 ± 8.3 | 33.4 ± 8.7 | <0.001 |
| Body fat, %* | 44.0 ± 9.6 | 41.1 ± 8.7 | 46.0 ± 9.7 | <0.001 |
| FFM, kg* | 53.2 ± 12.6 | 65.6 ± 9.2 | 45.2 ± 6.7 | <0.001 |
| FFMI, kg/m2* | 19.0 ± 3.1 | 21.6 ± 2.5 | 17.3 ± 2.1 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 111 ± 21 | 122 ± 18 | 103 ± 19 | <0.001 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 126 ± 18 | 132 ± 16 | 122 ± 18 | <0.001 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 78 ± 11 | 82 ± 11 | 75 ± 9 | <0.001 |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 102± 22 | 108 ± 24 | 98 ± 20 | <0.001 |
| Insulin, μU/mL | 14.9 ± 13.6 | 18.1 ± 11.5 | 12.8 ± 14.5 | <0.001 |
| Glucose 2-h OGTT, mg/dL# | 154 ± 59 | 161 ± 56 | 150 ± 61 | 0.158 |
| Insulin 2-h OGTT, mg/dL# | 124 ± 79 | 135 ± 78 | 117 ± 80 | 0.087 |
| HOMA | 4.0 ± 4.3 | 5.2 ± 4.4 | 3.3 ± 4.0 | <0.001 |
| QUICKI | 0.34 ± 0.05 | 0.32 ± 0.04 | 0.35 ±0.05 | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 115 ± 68 | 134 ± 65 | 103 ± 67 | <0.001 |
| Cholesterol, mg/dL | 194 ± 40 | 190 ± 46 | 197 ± 35 | 0.182 |
| LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 117 ± 37 | 118 ± 43 | 116 ± 33 | 0.651 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 54.8 ± 17.1 | 45.9 ± 10.9 | 60.7 ± 17.9 | <0.001 |
| Uric acid, mg/dL | 5.6 ± 1.7 | 6.8 ± 1.4 | 4.7 ± 1.3 | <0.001 |
| CRP, mg/L | 7.8 ± 7.9 | 7.2 ± 8.4 | 8.2 ± 7.6 | 0.820 |
| WBC, 106 cells/mL | 6.7 ± 2.0 | 6.8 ± 1.8 | 6.6 ± 2.1 | 0.471 |
| ALT, U/L | 23 ± 15 | 30 ± 17 | 19 ± 12 | <0.001 |
| AST, U/L | 18 ± 8 | 20 ± 8 | 16 ± 7 | <0.001 |
| AST/ALT ratio | 0.89 ± 0.32 | 0.76 ± 0.28 | 0.98 ± 0.31 | <0.001 |
| γ-GT, U/L | 28 ± 32 | 37 ± 42 | 22 ± 21 | <0.001 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.82 ± 0.22 | 0.97 ± 0.21 | 0.72 ± 0.15 | <0.001 |
| Leptin, ng/mL | 34.8 ± 27.7 | 25.2 ± 16.6 | 40.7 ± 31.4 | <0.001 |
| GDF11, ng/mL | 0.126 ± 0.185 | 0.129 ± 0.197 | 0.124 ± 0.178 | 0.807 |
Data presented as mean ± SD. *Body composition was available in 299 subjects (117 males and 182 females). #OGTTs were available in 226 individuals (87 males and 139 females).
BMI, body mass index; FFM, fat-free mass; FFMI, fat-free mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; HOMA, homeostatic model of assessment; QUICKI, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index; CRP, C-reactive protein; WBC, white blood cells; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; γ-GT, γ-glutamyltransferase. Differences between groups were analyzed by two-tailed unpaired Student’s t tests. CRP concentrations were logarithmically transformed for statistical analysis.