Table 1.
Demographic and neuropsychological data.
| Items | HC | CSVD | F/χ2/H | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low-risk (n = 17) | High-risk (n = 19) | NCI (n = 25) | MCI (n = 24) | |||
| DEMOGRAPHICS | ||||||
| Age (years) | 55.47 ± 4.23 | 68.16 ± 5.32 | 64.52 ± 10.65 | 65.92 ± 9.11 | 8.260 | <0.001b* |
| Education (years) | 11.47 ± 4.09 | 11.84 ± 3.63 | 11.16 ± 4.11 | 12.67 ± 3.38 | 0.694 | 0.559b |
| Gender (male/female) | 7/10 | 14/5 | 12/13 | 11/13 | – | 0.179a |
| NEUROIMAGING CHARACTERISTICS | ||||||
| GMV(cm3) | 540.88 ± 56.93 | 541.77 ± 46.88 | 539.75 ± 38.88 | 538.08 ± 51.44 | 0.023 | 0.995b |
| WMV(cm3) | 505.66 ± 53.69 | 467.19 ± 52.91 | 460.83 ± 44.00 | 463.95 ± 59.47 | 0.709 | 0.550b |
| WMH(mm3) | 470.97 (184.91, 651.34) | 719.00 (147.29, 892.00) | 2978.46 (762.74, 4019.20) | 4826.16 (760.99, 5639.67) | 20.220 | <0.001c* |
| PVWMH | 287.38 (111.46, 500.42) | 547.20 (107.91, 786.85) | 2091.44(468.66, 2913.88) | 3633.38 (317.13, 4862.83) | 21.266 | <0.001c* |
| DWMH | 97.93 (31.34, 173.13) | 41.25 (17.50, 283.61) | 298.69 (54.30, 980.61) | 431.76 (14.55, 1149.31) | 6.056 | 0.109 |
| Lacunes, number (%) | – | – | 7 (28%) | 13 (54%) | – | – |
| GENERAL COGNITION | ||||||
| MMSE | 28.71 ± 1.26 | 28.58 ± 1.39 | 28.44 ± 1.29 | 27.75 ± 2.07 | 1.624 | 0.19b |
| MoCA-BJ | 25.47 ± 0.60 | 25.73 ± 0.54 | 26.10 ± 0.45 | 21.41 ± 0.46 | 21.789 | <0.001b* |
| COMPOSITION Z SCORES OF EACH COGNITIVE DOMAIN | ||||||
| Episodic memory | 0.60 ± 0.54 | −0.10 ± 0.56 | 0.11 ± 0.54 | −0.53 ± 0.91 | 9.762 | <0.001b* |
| AVLT-DR | 6.53 ± 1.46 | 5.47 ± 1.47 | 5.52 ± 1.85 | 3.75 ± 2.05 | 9.061 | <0.001b* |
| VR-DR (WMS) | 8.65 ± 3.26 | 6.37 ± 2.79 | 7.08 ± 2.68 | 5.83 ± 3.58 | 2.964 | 0.037b* |
| Visuospatial processing function | 0.18 ± 0.24 | 0.14 ± 0.21 | 0.26 ± 0.18 | −0.503 ± 0.18 | 3.584 | 0.017b* |
| CDT | 3.96 ± 0.16 | 3.82 ± 0.14 | 3.99 ± 0.12 | 3.35 ± 0.12 | 5.529 | 0.002b* |
| VR-C | 13.71 ± 0.46 | 13.91 ± 0.41 | 13.88 ± 0.34 | 12.98 ± 0.35 | 1.514 | 0.217b |
| Information processing speed | 0.36 ± 0.75 | 0.09 ± 0.89 | 0.18 ± 0.78 | −0.51 ± 0.58 | 5.538 | 0.002b* |
| TMT-A | 50.27 ± 5.74 | 51.15 ± 5.15 | 46.30 ± 4.27 | 68.67 ± 4.40 | 5.014 | 0.003b* |
| Stroop A | 16.51 ± 2.15 | 14.63 ± 1.93 | 17.66 ± 1.60 | 24.14 ± 1.65 | 5.749 | <0.001b* |
| Stroop B | 20.45 ± 2.25 | 23.25 ± 2.02 | 19.97 ± 1.67 | 25.18 ± 1.72 | 1.816 | 0.151b |
| Language | 0.26 ± 0.20 | 0.12 ± 0.18 | 0.12 ± 0.15 | −0.4 ± 0.15 | 3.207 | 0.028b* |
| CVF | 17.40 ± 1.01 | 17.17 ± 0.91 | 17.43 ± 0.75 | 15.55 ± 0.77 | 1.279 | 0.287b |
| BNT | 52.31 ± 1.62 | 50.77 ± 1.45 | 50.33 ± 1.20 | 46.79 ± 1.24 | 2.999 | 0.036b* |
| Executive function | 0.31 ± 0.53 | 0.36 ± 0.82 | −0.12 ± 0.64 | −0.38 ± 0.56 | 6.437 | <0.001b* |
| DST-backward | 5.29 ± 0.38 | 5.69 ± 0.35 | 4.80 ± 0.29 | 4.66 ± 0.29 | 2.231 | 0.091b |
| TMT-B | 81.39 ± 12.06 | 79.22 ± 10.83 | 107.13 ± 8.98 | 131.21 ± 9.25 | 6.124 | <0.001b* |
| Stroop C | 29.33 ± 2.67 | 28.90 ± 2.39 | 33.47 ± 1.98 | 36.77 ± 2.04 | 2.885 | 0.041b* |
Values are presented as the mean ± standard error (SE), median (interquartile ranges) or number (percentage).
the p-value was obtained by χ2 test.
the p-value was obtained by one-way ANOVA and c the p-value was obtained by Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA.
indicates a statistical difference between groups, p < 0.05.
HC, health control; CSVD, cerebral small vessel disease; NCI, non-cognitive impairment; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; GMV, gray matter volume; WMV, white matter volume; WMH, white matter hyperintensities. PVWMH, periventricular-white matter hyperintensities; DWMH, deep-white matter hyperintensities; MMSE, mini mental state examination; MoCA-BJ, beijing version of the montreal cognitive assessment; AVLT-DR, auditory verbal learning test-delayed recall; VR-DR, visual reproduction-delay recall; WMS, wechsler memory scale; CDT, clock drawing test; VR-C, visual reproduction-copy; CVF, category verbal fluency; BNT, Boston Naming Test; DST, digit span test; TMT-A and TMT-B, trail making test-A and B; Stroop A, B and C, stroop color and word tests A, B, and C.