Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation, median (25th–75th percentiles), or number (%)
| Clinical characteristics | n = 62 |
|---|---|
| Age (years) | 44.6 ± 9.7 |
| Female:Male n (female %) | 49:13 (79) |
| Losartan treatment group n (%) | 33 (53) |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 15.4 ± 6.1 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 35.4 ± 7.3 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 123 ± 14 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 78 ± 10 |
| Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) | 93 ± 10 |
| HbA1c(%) | 9.5 ± 1.9 |
| Glomerular filtration rate (ml/min) | 137 ± 50 |
| Urine albumin/creatinine ratio (mg/g) | 34 (14–85) |
| Any oral antidiabetic drug treatment n (%) | 50 (81) |
| Metformin treatment n (%) | 36 (58) |
| Insulin treatment n (%) | 34 (55) |
| Urines metabolites (nmol/µmol creatinine) | |
| 2-ethyl 3-OH propionate | 3–3.64 1.77–7.19) |
| 3-hydroxy propionate | 5–3.66 (1.83–8.98) |
| 3-hydroxy isovalerate | 12.1 (8.1–21.5) |
| 3-methyl-crotonyl glycine | 0.49 (0.34–0.77) |
| 3-hydroxy isobutyrate | 14.8 (7.6–24.7) |
| Tiglyglycine | 1.69 (1.22–2.11) |
| Aconitic acid | 34.1 (22.7–42.6) |
| Citric acid | 201 (136–319) |
| Glycolic acid | 45.8 (26.7–76.7) |
| Homovanillic acid | 1.63 (1.24–2.02) |
| Uracil | 3.94 (2.34–6.21) |
| 3-methyl adipic acid | 1.06 (0.71–1.47) |
| Morphometric variables | |
| Glomerular volume (× 106 µm3) | 5.7 (4.9–7.4) |
| Cortical interstitial fractional volume (%) | 31 (26–35) |
| Mesangial fractional volume (%) | 19 (14–27) |
| Glomerular filtration surface density (µm2/ µm3) | 0.07 (0.05–0.08) |
| Total filtration surface per glomerulus (× 105 µm2) 3.8 (3.1–4.9) | |
| Glomerular basement membrane width (nm) | 524 (432–631) |
| Global glomerular sclerosis (%) | 7.1 (0–17.4) |
| Podocyte detachment (%) | 0.33 (0–1.49) |
| Podocyte cell number per glomerulus | 598 (458–725) |
| Foot process width (nm) | 449 (407–528) |
| Fenestrated endothelium (%) | 25.8 (21.8–31.7) |