Table 2.

Mixed model results for regions of interest.

Brain Region	Wolfram (n = 29)		Controls (n = 52)		Group × Time Interaction		Main Effect of Time: Wolfram
	Mean	±SEM	Mean	±SEM	F	p	F	p
Brainstem	−123.61	26.08	182.39	17.71	70.03	<0.001	8.71	0.006
Ventral Pons	−48.44	18.33	93.23	12.34	31.69	<0.001	2.62	0.117
Cerebellar White	24.32	26.24	248.91	18.02	32.52	<0.001	1.49	0.232
Cerebellar Gray	−420.95	82.49	−49.26	60.43	6.83	0.01	13.42	0.001
Thalamus	−84.68	5.86	11.26	4.81	34.60	<0.001	49.47	<0.001

Mean and standard error of the mean (SEM) of the estimated annual rates of change are shown for each region and group. F and p values for each region come from the interaction of group by time, controlling for age, sex, and diabetes, and the main effect of time within the Wolfram group, controlling for age and sex. Significant results at the p ≤ 0.01 level are in bold.