Table 1.
Baseline characteristics.
| Non-diabetic patients | Diabetic patients | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No HF (n = 189) | HF (n = 137) | P-value | No HF (n = 112) | HF (n = 79) | P-value | |
| Male, n (%) | 151 (79.9) | 110 (80.3) | 0.929 | 95 (84.8) | 69 (87.3) | 0.622 |
| Age, years | 64.36 ± 11.03 | 64.31 ± 10.52 | 0.969 | 62.45 ± 9.66 | 62.66 ± 9.77 | 0.890 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.41 ± 3.14 | 23.83 ± 3.46 | 0.099 | 25.47 ± 2.72† | 24.61 ± 3.00 | 0.072 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 49 (25.9) | 33 (24.1) | 0.706 | 39 (34.8) | 23 (29.1) | 0.407 |
| Previous myocardial infarction, n (%) | 16 (8.5) | 24 (17.5) | 0.014 | 7 (6.3) | 18 (22.8) | 0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 129 (68.3) | 69 (50.4) | 0.001 | 81 (72.3) | 46 (58.2) | 0.042 |
| SBP, mmHg | 135.19 ± 19.73 | 123.46 ± 20.13 | <0.001 | 135.75 ± 20.06 | 126.13 ± 19.94 | 0.001 |
| DBP, mmHg | 74.88 ± 11.51 | 74.53 ± 13.20 | 0.793 | 77.54 ± 11.76 | 74.29 ± 12.22 | 0.069 |
| Fasting glucose, mmol/L | 4.87 ± 0.63 | 4.92 ± 0.71 | 0.769 | 6.64 ± 1.91† | 6.85 ± 2.04‡ | 0.283 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.70 (5.40–6.00) | 5.90 (5.60–6.10) | 0.001 | 7.00 (6.60–7.90)† | 7.30 (6.70–8.00) ‡ | 0.297 |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 38.80 (35.52–42.08) | 40.98 (37.71–43.17) | 0.001 | 53.01(48.63–62.84) | 56.28(49.73–63.93) | 0.297 |
| Triglyceride, mmol/L | 1.26 (0.95–1.76) | 1.18 (0.89–1.61) | 0.143 | 1.50 (1.02–2.09)* | 1.33 (0.87–1.71) | 0.053 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 3.94 ± 1.03 | 4.07 ± 1.08 | 0.326 | 3.88 ± 1.09 | 3.90 ± 1.17 | 0.891 |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.08 ± 0.27 | 1.05 ± 0.27 | 0.297 | 1.01 ± 0.25* | 0.98 ± 0.25 | 0.482 |
| LDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 2.35 ± 0.83 | 2.45 ± 0.85 | 0.287 | 2.25 ± 0.83 | 2.38 ± 0.91 | 0.283 |
| Apolipoprotein A-I, g/L | 1.28 ± 0.20 | 1.22 ± 0.21 | 0.007 | 1.25 ± 0.20 | 1.19 ± 0.21 | 0.049 |
| Apolipoprotein B, g/L | 0.79 ± 0.23 | 0.82 ± 0.23 | 0.296 | 0.79 ± 0.24 | 0.81 ± 0.25 | 0.521 |
| Lipoprotein (a), g/L | 0.15 (0.08–0.31) | 0.16 (0.08–0.31) | 0.396 | 0.14 (0.07–0.28) | 0.14 (0.07–0.30) | 0.874 |
| Uric acid, μmol/L | 363.87 ± 98.73 | 400.30 ± 122.40 | 0.003 | 325.44 ± 88.12† | 403.30 ± 123.35 | <0.001 |
| Blood urea nitrogen, mmol/L | 5.50 (4.60–6.53) | 6.60 (5.30–8.70) | <0.001 | 5.50 (4.70–6.68)† | 6.20 (5.30–8.53) | 0.002 |
| Serum creatinine, μmol/L | 84.00 (76.00–97.00) | 89.00 (77.00–101.00) | 0.084 | 81.5 (72.00–94.00)* | 91.50 (71.75–105.25) | 0.034 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 78.12 ± 16.15 | 74.34 ± 17.46 | 0.046 | 82.65 ± 17.21* | 77.33 ± 20.46 | 0.039 |
| hsCRP, mg/L | 1.14 (0.42–2.55) | 1.36 (0.58–7.35) | 0.057 | 0.89 (0.42–2.53) | 2.19 (0.53–6.76) | 0.008 |
| CAD, n (%) | 93 (49.2) | 63 (46.0) | 0.576 | 63 (56.3) | 42 (53.2) | 0.768 |
| 1-vessel | 46 (24.3) | 25 (18.2) | 0.222 | 23 (20.5) | 17 (21.5) | 0.859 |
| 2-vessel | 25 (13.2) | 17 (12.4) | 0.868 | 22 (19.6) | 8 (10.1) | 0.105 |
| 3-vessel | 22 (11.6) | 21 (15.3) | 0.407 | 18 (16.1) | 17 (21.5) | 0.349 |
| multi-vessel disease | 47 (24.9) | 38 (27.7) | 0.610 | 40 (35.7) | 25 (31.6) | 0.642 |
| NYHA functional class II/III/IV, n (%) | 70/59/8 | 35/35/9 | ||||
| NT-proBNP, pg/mL | 193.20 (110.95–267.55) | 2163.00 (887.80–3531.75) | <0.001 | 152.05 (84.13–227.83) | 1341 (701.03–3009.00) | <0.001 |
| Left atrial diameter, mm | 39.0 (36.0–42.0) | 47.0 (42.0–50.0) | <0.001 | 40.0 (38.0–43.0)* | 46.0 (43.0–49.0) | <0.001 |
| LVEDD, mm | 49.0 (47.0–53.0) | 65.0 (59.5–70.0) | <0.001 | 50.0 (47.0–53.7) | 64.00 (61.0–69.0) | <0.001 |
| LVESD, mm | 32.00 (29.0–36.0) | 54.0 (48.0–59.0) | <0.001 | 32.0 (29.0–35.0) | 53.0 (49.0–58.0) | <0.001 |
| LVEDV, mL | 117.0 (102.3–138.0) | 214.0 (177.0–257.0) | <0.001 | 118.0 (104.3–141.5) | 209.5 (184.3–263.8) | <0.001 |
| LVESV, mL | 41.0 (33.0–54.8) | 139.0 (103.5–174.0) | <0.001 | 41.0 (33.3–52.0) | 139.5 (116.0–167.5) | <0.001 |
| LVEF, % | 63.0 (60.0–67.0) | 35.0 (30.0–38.0) | <0.001 | 65.0 (60.0–69.0) | 34.0 (30.0–38.0) | <0.001 |
| Aspirin, n (%) | 134 (70.9) | 69 (50.4) | <0.001 | 72 (64.3) | 40 (50.6) | 0.059 |
| P2Y12 receptor antagonist, n (%) | 96 (50.8) | 48 (35.0) | 0.005 | 63 (56.3) | 38 (48.1) | 0.359 |
| ACE inhibitors or ARBs, n (%) | 100 (52.9) | 94 (68.6) | 0.004 | 69 (61.6) | 58 (73.4) | 0.089 |
| Beta-blockers, n (%) | 135 (71.4) | 103 (75.2) | 0.451 | 75 (67.0) | 66 (83.5) | 0.010 |
| Nitrates, n (%) | 59 (31.2) | 39 (28.5) | 0.593 | 35 (31.3) | 32 (40.5) | 0.187 |
| Statins, n (%) | 133 (70.4) | 73 (53.3) | 0.002 | 88 (78.6) | 50 (63.3) | 0.020 |
| Diuretics, n (%) | 40 (21.2) | 86 (62.8) | <0.001 | 14 (12.5) | 51 (64.6) | <0.001 |
| Oral hypoglycemic drugs, n (%) | — | — | 58 (51.8) | 33 (41.8) | 0.172 | |
| Insulin, n (%) | — | — | 16 (14.3) | 5 (6.3) | 0.083 | |
Values are given as mean ± standard deviation, median (interquartile range) or number (percentage).
HF, heart failure; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure, LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; LVEDD, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVESD, left ventricular end-systolic diameter; LVEDV, left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LVESV, left ventricular end-systolic volume; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; hsCRP, high-sentivity C-reactive protein; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme, ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker.
*P < 0.05, †P < 0.01, diabetic patients without HF vs. non-diabetic subjects without HF.
‡P < 0.01, diabetic patients with HF vs. non-diabetic subjects with HF.