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. 2019 Apr 12;9:5977. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-42439-9

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Cytokine secretion by hybrid spheroids during neural differentiation. Culture supernatants were collected and measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for different spheroids at day 21. Concentrations of (A) FGF2, (B) VEGF-A, (C) PGE2, and (D) TGF-β1. iNPC only indicates day 21 iNPC spheroids; MSC only indicates day 7 MSC spheroids. *Indicates p < 0.05 for the test conditions compared with the iNPC only control. # indicates p < 0.05 among the test conditions. $ indicates p < 0.005 for the test conditions compared with the MSC only control. One-way ANOVA for FGF2: P-value < 0.0001, F-value = 115.1; for VEGF-A: P-value < 0.0001, F-value = 126.2; for PGE2: P-value < 0.0001, F-value = 391.2; for TGF-β1: P-value = 0.0002, F-value = 12.3.