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. 2019 Apr 12;10:1694. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-09724-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Plasmonic IQ modulator on the silicon platform. a Colorized scanning electron microscope picture of a plasmonic IQ modulator consisting of two Mach-Zehnder modulators (MZMs). b Zoom into the active section of the modulator, a plasmonic slot waveguide. Light from silicon (Si) feeding waveguide is coupled to the gold (Au) slot waveguide by tapered mode converters. The slot is filled with an organic electro optic (OEO) material (not depicted). c, d Cross section of the plasmonic slot waveguide with simulated c electrical driving field and d optical field